Vernalization is a phenomenon in which plants must undergo a period of continuous low temperatures to change from the vegetative growth stage to the reproductive growth stage. Chinese cabbage is a heading vegetable, and flowering time is an essential developmental trait. Premature vernalization leads to premature bolting, which causes a loss of product value and yield. While research into vernalization has provided a wealth of information, a complete understanding of the molecular mechanism for controlling vernalization requirements has not yet been elucidated. In this study, using high-throughput RNA sequencing, we analyzed the plumule-vernalization response of mRNA and long noncoding RNA in the bolting-resistant Chinese cabbage double haploid (DH) line ‘Ju Hongxin’ (JHX). A total of 3382 lncRNAs were identified, of which 1553 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs were characterized as plumule-vernalization responses. The ceRNA network revealed that 280 ceRNA pairs participated in the plumule-vernalization reaction of Chinese cabbage. Through identifying DE lncRNAs in Chinese cabbage and analyzing anti-, cis-, and trans-functional analysis, some candidate lncRNAs related to vernalization promoting flowering of Chinese cabbage and their regulated mRNA genes were found. Moreover, the expression of several critical lncRNAs and their targets was verified using qRT-PCR. Furthermore, we identified the candidate plumule-vernalization-related long noncoding RNAs that regulate BrFLCs in Chinese cabbage, which was interesting and different from previous studies and was a new discovery. Our findings expand the knowledge of lncRNAs in the vernalization of Chinese cabbage, and the identified lncRNAs provide rich resources for future comparative and functional studies.
Chinese cabbage, which is a cold season crop, can still be damaged at an overly low temperature. It is crucial to study the mechanism of the resistance to low temperature of Chinese cabbage. In this study, the Chinese cabbage ‘XBJ’ was used as the material, and nine different low temperatures and control samples were treated. Using RNA-seq and lignin content determination, we analyzed 27 samples, and the stained sections of them were observed. A total of 8845 genes were screened for the WGCNA analysis, yielding 17 modules. The GO and KEGG analyses of the modules was highly associated with a low-temperature treatment. The pathways such as ‘starch and sucrose metabolism’ and ‘plant hormone signal transduction’ were enriched in modules related to low temperature. Interestingly, L-15DAT-associated MEcoral2 was found to have 14 genes related to the ‘lignin biosynthetic process’ in the GO annotation. The combination of the determination of the lignin content and the treatment of the stained sections showed that the lignin content of the low-temperatures samples were indeed higher than that of the control. We further explored the expression changes of the lignin synthesis pathway and various genes and found that low temperature affects the expression changes of most genes in the lignin synthesis pathway, leading to the speculation that the lignin changes at low temperature are a defense mechanism against low temperatures. The 29 BrCOMT gene sequence derived from the RNA-seq was non-conserved, and eight BrCOMT genes were differentially expressed. This study provides a new insight into how lignin is affected by low temperature.
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