In this work, broad-specific monoclonal antibody based immunoaffinity columns (IACs) coupled to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for purification and determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in maize and cherry samples. Based on broad-specific anti-T-2 monoclonal antibody, the prepared IACs could be used for both T-2 and HT-2 purification with cross reactivity values at 100% for T-2 and 108% for HT-2. Column capacity was 3.14 μg mL −1 gel for T-2 toxin, and 3.20 μg mL −1 gel for HT-2 toxin. After 10 cycles of usage at intervals of 2 days, column capacity decreased to 0.85 μg mL −1 gel for T-2 and 1.22 μg mL −1 gel for HT-2 toxin. The developed method exhibited high sensitive results with limit of detection (LOD) lower than 0.35 μg kg −1 and 1.42 μg kg −1 .
The Caohai Wetland is located in a region of karst within the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and serves as an important nature reserve for migratory birds. It is therefore of considerable ecological value in China. The presence and concentration of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the wetland were unknown prior to this investigation. This study documents the occurrence, distribution, and ecological risks of 16 PFASs in the Caohai Wetland. The analysis showed that 11 PFASs were widely present in the Caohai Wetland; total concentrations (defined as the concentration of the total of all studied PFASs, ΣPFASs) ranged from 1.78 ng/L to 112.21 ng/L (mean 19.43 ng/L). Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and potassium perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) were the dominant forms in surface water, contributing 48.12%, 14.61%, and 11.59% to the total PFASs burden, respectively. Chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid (F-53B) was also detected frequently and occurred at relatively high concentrations (0.14–1.48 ng/L, mean 0.48 ng/L). In the absence of point sources, high PFASs concentrations occurred inside a nearby town, resulting from anthropogenic activities. Risk assessment revealed that both individual and combined PFASs pose a relatively low risk to aquatic organisms at the present time. However, long-term monitoring of PFASs in the Caohai Wetland is needed given the potential of PFASs to be biomagnified and the extremely important ecological value of the Caohai Wetland.
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