PIO, a synthetic ligand for PPARγ, is used clinically to treat T2DM. However, little is known about its protective effects on endothelium and the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we sought to investigate the protective effects of PIO on endothelium and its probable mechanisms: 95% confluent wild type (WT) HUVECs and PPARγ-HUVECs that we first injured with HG (33 mmol·L) were first pretreated with 10 μmol·L of GW9662 for 30 min, and then treated the cells with different concentrations of PIO (5, 10, or 20 μmol·L) for 24 h. Finally, we measured the levels of NO, ET1, TNFα, and IL6 in the cell culture supernatant. These cells were then used to determine cell viability, caspase3 activity, the levels of IKKα/β mRNA, IKKα/β, and NFκB-p65. Severe dysfunction and activation of IKKα/β-NFκB signaling occurred after we exposed HUVECs to HG. Conversely, treatment with PIO significantly attenuated the dysfunction and the activation of IKKα/β-NFκB signaling induced by HG in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the protective effects of PIO were completely abrogated by GW9662 or down-regulation of PPARγ. Taken together, the results indicate that PIO protects HUVECs against the HG-induced dysfunction through the inhibition of IKKα/β-NFκB signaling mediated by PPARγ.
Background: Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency was commonly found among adults and particularly overweight elderly patients. It's controversial on the physiological roles of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in metabolic diseases. We explored the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], PTH and homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in overweight elderly patients.
BACKGROUND: It is unclear about the association between vitamin D level and target organ damage in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes in China. Aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between vitamin D level and target organ damage in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes of Chinese population. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on 254 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes (148 males and 106 females). According to assay of 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D], the participants were divided into a deficiency group (n=129), an insufficiency group (n=77) and a sufficiency group (n=48). The clinical indicators of target organ damages among these groups were analyzed, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to predict the target organ damage. RESULTS: Approximately 81.1% of patients were the low level of 25(OH)D with mean 25(OH)D below 30ng/ml. When compared with those in the sufficiency group, the level of left ventricular absolute mass index (LVMI), the morning urine albumin/uric creatinine ratio (ACR) and carotid intimal medial thickness (cIMT) increased significantly and creatinine clearance rate (CcR) decreased significantly in the deficiency group (P<0.05). The level of ACR and cIMT in the insufficiency group also increased significantly (P<0.05). There was a higher proportion in kidney, brain, artery and total target organ damage in the deficiency group or insufficiency group than those in the sufficiency group (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that low-level 25(OH)D (< 30ng/ml) was independently associated with total target organ damage in patients with elderly type 2 diabetes (OR = 3.58; 95%CI: 1.60-8.02,P =0.002) CONCLUSIONS: A condition of hypovitaminosis D is commonly present in Chinese patients with elderly type 2 diabetes. The low level of 25(OH)D may contribute to aggravate target organ damage of elderly type 2 diabetes.
Objective To investigate the relationship of adrenomedullin (ADM) and left ventricular remodeling in older patients with essential hypertension. Methods 77 essential hypertension patients were divided into normal left ventricular group (normal group), left ventricular hypertrophy group (LVH group) and left ventricular cavity expansion group (LVCE group) according to the extent of myocardial hypertrophy and left ventricular cavity expansion. The concentrations of ADM, renin, angiotensin-α (Angα) and aldosterone were dectected by radioimmunoassay method. B type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels were detected by immunofl uorescence. The concentration of ADM was compared among the three groups. The correlation of ADM among BNP, renin, Angα and aldosterone was analysed. Results The level of ADM and log transformed BNP (lgBNP) was signifi cantly higher in LVCE group than that in LVH group, and which in LVH group was higher than that in normal group. The level of Angα and aldosterone was higher in LVH group than that in normal group, but in LVCE group only aldosterone was higher. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were increased higher in LVH group and LVCE group than that in normal group. Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) in LVCE group was lower than that in normal group and LVH group while there was no signifi cant difference in renin and E/A ratio among three groups. ADM were positively correlated with lgBNP, Angα, aldosterone and LVMI (r=0.51, 0.32, 0.39 and 0.45, respectively, p<0.01). In 30 months of follow-up, the patients with high ADM concentration (ADM ≥25 pg/ml, n=23) had high risk of death (HR 3.81, p=0.022).
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