Organic sodium-ion batteries (OSIBs) have numerous promising advantages for foreseeable large-scale applications, particularly including the convenience of performance optimization through molecular design. However, the reported organic cathodes still suffer from limited capacity, low cyclability, and poor rate performance. The tailoring of the p-conjugated system reported here can enhance the p-p intermolecular interactions, leading to insolubility, long-range layer-by-layer p-p stacking, fast-charge transport, and extraordinary stability and ionic conductivity (10 À9 cm 2 s À1 ). Consequently, the obtained cathodes delivered high electrochemical performance with high capacity ($290 mAh g À1 ), superior fast-chargedischarge ability ($160 and 100 mAh g À1 at 10 and 50 A g À1 , respectively), and ultra-long cycle life (capacity as high as 97 mAh g À1 after 10,000 cycles at 50 A g À1 ).
This work introduces an integrated microfluidic device for measuring rapid H/D exchange (HDX) in proteins. By monitoring backbone amide HDX on the millisecond to low second time scale, we are able to characterize conformational dynamics in weakly structured regions, such as loops and molten globule-like domains that are inaccessible in conventional HDX experiments. The device accommodates the entire MS-based HDX workflow on a single chip with residence times sufficiently small (ca. 8 s) that back-exchange is negligible (≤5%), even without cooling. Components include an adjustable position capillary mixer providing a variable-time labeling pulse, a static mixer for HDX quenching, a proteolytic microreactor for rapid protein digestion, and on-chip electrospray ionization (ESI). In the present work, we characterize device performance using three model systems, each illustrating a different application of 'time-resolved' HDX. Ubiquitin is used to illustrate a crude, high throughput structural analysis based on a single subsecond HDX time-point. In experiments using cytochrome c, we distinguish dynamic behavior in loops, establishing a link between flexibility and interactions with the heme prosthetic group. Finally, we localize an unusually high 'burst-phase' of HDX in the large tetrameric enzyme DAHP synthase to a 'molten globule-like' region surrounding the active site.
Poly(pentacenetetrone sulfide) (PPTS) as a cathode for PIBs exhibits high electrochemical performance. Novel methods are also demonstrated for inhibiting K dendrites.
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