Induction of the Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle in latently infected B cells requires the expression of the immediate-early lytic gene BZLF1. We have previously identified several cis-elements within the BZLF1 promoter that are required for induction by known inducers of the lytic cycle [E. Flemington and S. H. Speck (1990)J. Virol. 64, 1217-1226]. These include four elements termed the ZI domains (ZIA, ZIB, ZIC, and ZID) that share extensive homology and that have recently been shown to bind several cellular transcription factors [A. M. Borras, J. L. Strominger, and S. H. Speck (1996) J. Virol. 70, 3894-3901]. Here Sp1 and Sp3 are identified as the cellular factors present in crude B cell nuclear extract preparations that bind to the ZIC domain. In addition, three of the four complexes observed in electrophoretic mobility shift analyses employing probes containing either the ZIA or the ZID domains also represent Sp1 or Sp3 binding. Binding of Sp1 and Sp3 to the ZI domains was shown to be significantly weaker than binding of these factors to a consensus Sp1 site. A heterologous promoter construct containing three repeats of a consensus Sp1 site, cloned upstream of a single copy of the ZII (CREB/ AP1) element from the BZLF1 promoter linked to the beta-globin TATA box, exhibited phorbol ester inducibility. The latter observation was consistent with the functional behavior exhibited by a heterologous promoter construct containing multiple copies of the ZIC domain liked to the ZII element. However, the basal activity of the heterologous promoter construct driven by the consensus Sp1 sites was ca. 10-fold higher than that of the heterologous reporter construct containing multimerized ZIC sites. Thus, the low affinity of Sp1 binding to the ZI domains may contribute to the low-level basal activity of the BZLF1 promoter.
To retrospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of unilateral and bilateral percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty (PKP) in the treatment of osteoporotic thoracolumbar burst fractures. Retrospectively collected clinical data of 138 patients with osteoporotic thoracolumbar burst fractures who underwent unilateral (n = 70) and bilateral (n = 68) PKP in our hospital from March 2015 to December 2018. The general conditions, operation time, radiation exposure time, intraoperative blood loss, bone cement dosage, hospitalization expenses, and complications were collected from the two groups. Visual analog scale (VAS) values, Cobb's angle changes, average vertebral height changes, and Oswestry Dysfunction Index (ODI) values before treatment, 1 month, and 6 months after treatment were collected. There was no significant difference in gender (male: 28 vs 22; female 42 vs 46) and age (70.25 ± 7.10 vs 69.82 ± 8.20, P > .05) distribution between the two groups. The VAS score (7.38 ± 1.34 vs 2.52 ± 0.99, P < .05), ODI (77.24 ± 6.98 vs 23.11 ± 3.54, P < .05), vertebral mean height (16.71 ± 2.18 vs 17.05 ± 1.94, P < .05) and Cobb's angle (20.26 ± 3.21 vs 11.58 ± 3.20, P < .05) of the two groups were significantly improved after operation, but there was no significant difference between the two groups ( P > .05). There was no significant difference in the rate of cement leakage (10.29% vs 11.42%, P > .05), incision swelling (30.88% vs 19.71%, P > .05) and incidence of adjacent vertebrae (4.41% vs 5.71%, P > .05) between the two groups. Compared with bilateral PKP group, operation time (50.88 ± 7.38 vs 62.18 ± 8.01), intraoperative blood loss (14.54 ± 3.16 vs 22.03 ± 5.92), radiation exposure time (23.74 ± 3.41 vs 15.22 ± 3.70), bone cement dosage (4.36 ± 0.81 vs 5.16 ± 0.77) and hospitalization costs (2.38 ± 0.08 vs 2.74 ± 0.07) were significantly lower in the unilateral PKP group ( P < .05). Bilateral PKP and unilateral PKP have the same efficacy and safety in the treatment of osteoporotic thoracolumbar burst fractures. However, the unilateral PKP has the characteristics of short operation time, small trauma, low cost and short radiation exposure time, and has clinical application value.
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