Sucrose transporters (SUCs or SUTs) play a central role, as they orchestrate sucrose allocation both intracellularly and at the whole plant level. Previously, we found AtSUC4 mutants changing sucrose distribution under drought and salt stresses. Here, we systematically examined the role of Arabidopsis AtSUC2 and AtSUC4 in response to abiotic stress. The results showed significant induction of AtSUC2 and AtSUC4 in salt, osmotic, low temperature and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatments by public microarray data and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses. The loss-of-function mutation of AtSUC2 and AtSUC4 led to hypersensitive responses to abiotic stress and ABA treatment in seed germination and seedling growth. These mutants also showed higher sucrose content in shoots and lower sucrose content in roots, as compared with that in wild-type plants, and inhibited the ABA-induced expression of many stress- and ABA-responsive genes, especially ABFs and ABF-downstream and upstream genes. The loss-of-function mutant of AtSUC3, a unique putative sucrose sensor, reduced the expression of AtSUC2 and AtSUC4 in response to abiotic stresses and ABA. These findings confirmed that AtSUC2 and AtSUC4 are important regulators in plant abiotic stress tolerance that use an ABA signaling pathway, which may be crossed with sucrose signaling.
Background: Most previous studies have found that human intestinal microbiota affect the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), especially gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, but regarding this, there is limited data of non-western ethnicity. Probiotics can reconstitute the host intestinal microbiota and strengthen gastrointestinal function, however, clinical data proving the effect of probiotics treatment on ASD is lacking.Methods: This study explored the significant differences between ASD and neurotypical (NT), and the improvement of applied behavior analysis (ABA) training in combination with probiotics, vs. ABA training only.Results: We found significant differences between the ASD group and the NT group in the evenness of the intestinal microbiota and the relative abundance of the bacterial phyla and genus. At the phylum level, relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the ASD group was significantly lower than in the NT group. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcus, Roseburia, and Blautia in the ASD group was significantly lower than that in the NT group. After a 4-week ABA training program in combination with probiotics treatment, the ATEC and GI scores decreased more than the control group with ABA training only.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that intestinal microbiota is different between the NT children and the ASD children with or without GI problems. In combination with ABA training, probiotics treatment can bring more benefit to ASD children. Clinical trials with a more rigorous design and larger sample size are indispensable for further validation.
Abstract. The hygroscopicity of organic aerosol (OA) is important for investigation
of its climatic and environmental impacts. However, the hygroscopicity
parameter κOA remains poorly characterized, especially in the
relatively polluted environment on the North China Plain (NCP). Here we
conducted simultaneous wintertime measurements of bulk aerosol chemical
compositions of PM2.5 and PM1 and bulk aerosol hygroscopicity of
PM10 and PM1 on the NCP using a capture-vaporizer time-of-flight
aerosol chemical speciation monitor (CV-ToF-ACSM) and a humidified
nephelometer system which measures the aerosol light-scattering enhancement
factor f(RH). A method for calculating κOA based on f(RH) and bulk aerosol chemical-composition measurements was developed. We found that κOA varied
in a wide range with significant diurnal variations. The derived κOA ranged from almost 0.0 to 0.25, with an average (±1σ)
of 0.08 (±0.06) for the entire study. The derived κOA was
highly correlated with f44 (fraction of m∕z 44 in OA measured by
CV-ToF-ACSM), an indicator of the oxidation degree of OA (R=0.79), and the
relationship can be parameterized as κOA=1.04×f44-0.02 (κOA=0.3×O:C-0.02, based on the relationship
between the f44 and O∕C ratio for CV-ToF-ACSM). On average, κOA
reached the minimum (0.02) in the morning near 07:30 local time (LT) and then increased
rapidly, reaching the peak value of 0.16 near 14:30 LT. The diurnal variations
in κOA were highly and positively correlated with those of mass
fractions of oxygenated OA (R=0.95), indicating that photochemical
processing played a dominant role in the increase in κOA in
winter on the NCP. Results in this study demonstrate the potential wide
applications of a humidified nephelometer system together with aerosol
composition measurements for investigating the hygroscopicity of OA in
various environments and highlight that the parameterization of κOA as a function of OA aging processes needs to be considered in
chemical transport models for better evaluating the impacts of OA on cloud
formation, atmospheric chemistry, and radiative forcing.
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