Kir2.1 (also known as IRK1) plays key roles in the regulation of resting membrane potential and cell excitability. To achieve its physiological roles, Kir2.1 performs a series of conformational transitions, named as gating. However, the structural basis of gating is still obscure. Here, we combined site-directed mutagenesis, two-electrode voltage clamp with molecular dynamics simulations and determined that H221 regulates the gating process of Kir2.1 by involving a weak interaction network.
Our data show that the H221R mutant accelerates the rundown kinetics and decelerates the reactivation kinetics of Kir2.1. Compared with the WT channel, the H221R mutation strengthens the interaction between the CD- and G-loops (E303-R221) which stabilizes the close state of the G-loop gate and weakens the interactions between C-linker and CD-loop (R221-R189) and the adjacent G-loops (E303-R312) which in turn destabilizes the open state of G-loop gate. Our data indicate that the three pairs of interactions (E303-H221, H221-R189 and E303-R312) precisely regulate the G-loop gate by controlling the conformation of the G-loop.
This paper put forward an improved MMSPEED routing algorithm basing on Game Theory through detail researches and analysis of existing routing protocol and combining the specialties of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN). This algorithm takes advantage of Nash Equilibrium to pick out the optimal path of revenue from source node to sink node; and elect paths which are suitable to different information to process information transmission by adjusting revenue function, considering there are various information types in WMSN and different information has different demands to QoS. Simulation tests indicate the improved protocol is better-adapted toWMSN where multi types of information coexist, and balance the energy consumption under the circumstance of less rising of frame loss rate,to prolong the working time, and also improve the instantaneity and reliability.
The traditional rural cultural landscape is facing the danger of disappearance, which has carried the culture of agricultural civilization for thousands years because of rapid urbanization. In this paper, the authors mainly performed deep analysis from the villagers' sense of identity, rural cultural landscape imagery, landscape valuation norms and rural cultural landscape heritage,social integration of demand etc. The authors also proposed the solutions for rural cultural landscape heritage, in order to provide ideas for the protection of rural cultural landscape and development in new countryside construction.
With urbanization accelerating in China, small-town vernacular landscape has faced severe challenges. Basing on analysis of current situations of protection against small-town vernacular landscape, we deeply analyzed four reasons for them, and then discussed protectional ideas of small-town vernacular landscape from the angle of planning formulation ,which are respectively, analyzing ideas of overall protection from the regional angle, defining the idea of "duality", carrying out the idea of order that protection is superior to heritage and development, and bringing in the concept of "anti-planning". Finally, we put forward constructed strategies from the angle of urban design, and basing on integrated classified research of small-town vernacular landscape, we put forward the constructed strategies from the trinity level of macro-medium-micro.
For integrated avionics maintenance personnel training, construction of take the student as the main body, teacher as the guidance of the aviation electronic experiment center, aviation bus as the core, constitute the integrated avionics system, integrated into the verification, comprehensive design and professional innovative of experiment level and the assessment and management, form the concept of engineering education teaching experiment system, the construction idea of significance of reference to the relevant professional laboratory construction in similar colleges and universities.
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