Impairment of the formation or action of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), an endogenous gasotransmitter, is associated with various diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, septic and hemorrhagic shock, and pancreatitis. Cystathionine -synthase and cystathionine ␥-lyase (CSE) are two pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes largely responsible for the production of H 2 S in mammals. Inhibition of CSE by DL-propargylglycine (PAG) has been shown to alleviate disease symptoms. Here we report crystal structures of human CSE (hCSE), in apo form, and in complex with PLP and PLP⅐PAG. Structural characterization, combined with biophysical and biochemical studies, provides new insights into the inhibition mechanism of hCSEmediated production of H 2 S. Transition from the open form of apo-hCSE to the closed PLP-bound form reveals large conformational changes hitherto not reported. In addition, PAG binds hCSE via a unique binding mode, not observed in PAG-enzyme complexes previously. The interaction of PAG-hCSE was not predicted based on existing information from known PAG complexes. The structure of hCSE⅐PLP⅐PAG complex highlights the particular importance of Tyr 114 in hCSE and the mechanism of PAG-dependent inhibition of hCSE. These results provide significant insights, which will facilitate the structure-based design of novel inhibitors of hCSE to aid in the development of therapies for diseases involving disorders of sulfur metabolism.
A modeling of circular cylindrical metasurfaces using Method of Moments (MoM) based on Generalized Sheet Transition Conditions (GSTCs) is presented. GSTCs are used to link the integral equations for fields on the inner and outer contour of the cylindrical metasurface. The GSTC-MoM is validated by a case of an anisotropic, gyrotropic metasurface capable of two field transformations. The formulations presented here can be used as a platform for deriving GSTC-MoM for 3D spherical and conformal metasurfaces.
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