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Ultrasonographic measurements of tongue contour correlated well to the formant frequencies. The results stressed the importance of tongue shaping in articulation. Although more studies are necessary in clinical implications, disorders associated with abnormal tongue shaping may be the target applications in the future.

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Objective Increasing evidence supports that auditory feedback of one's own voice closely relates to real‐time adjustments of vocal control. Previous studies highlighted that the low‐frequency modulations of below 3 Hz (LFM) embedded in vocal fundamental frequency (F0) showed a reflex‐like response to altered auditory inputs. However, the auditory feedback control of different vocal disorders remains unclear. Design A cross‐sectional, case‐controlled study. Setting A tertiary medical centre. Participants Sustained vocalisations of vowel/a/ from adult healthy controls and patients with vocal fold nodules, vocal fold polyps and vocal fold cysts, respectively. The vocalisations were made at a comfortable pitch and at the intensity of 70 ~ 80 dBC under the following four auditory conditions: natural hearing, 90‐dBC speech noise, 10‐dBC enhanced feedback of self‐produced voice and both the noise and voice feedback. Main outcome measures Power spectral analysis of F0 contour of sustained vowel. Results Patients with vocal fold nodules presented with different audio‐vocal feedback behaviour and audio‐vocal response to speech noise from the other two vocal pathologies of vocal fold polyp and vocal fold cyst as well as the healthy controls (P < .001, one‐way ANOVA). Conclusion The vocal fold nodules may be not only a vocal fold disease but also a disease caused by abnormal audio‐vocal feedback. Moreover, the distinct audio‐vocal feedback of vocal fold nodules could be revealed by power spectral analysis of vocal fundamental frequencies. Although further investigations are necessary, adjustments of audio‐vocal feedback behaviour may provide a new insight and benefit to the treatment of vocal fold nodules in the future.