Bio-based slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) have drawn significant attention because their applications for crop production can improve nutrient utilization efficiency as well as prevent environmental pollution. However, current commercial SRFs still exhibit uncontrollable release patterns, use a large quantity of synthetic coating materials, and are unable to adapt to complex soil conditions (e.g., arid soil). In this study, a double-layer SRF was formulated from a low-cost lignin−clay nanohybrid composite to not only achieve controllable and slow nitrogen fertilizer release but also improve the water-holding property. The low-cost and hydrophobic lignin−clay nanohybrid was cross-linked with bio-based alginate to prepare the core-layer material, followed by a coating process using a highly water-absorbent polymer poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) to achieve a double-layer SRF. We examined the chemical structures, urea release rates, and water-holding capacities of the double-layer PAA−lignin−clay nanohybrid composite coated SRF (PLC-SRF). The results showed that PLC-SRF released 13−40% less urea and absorbed 23% more water than SRFs coated with only alginate. Its urea release rate is slower than that of previously reported SRFs using other materials. This nanocomposite coating material has great potential for producing a new type of bio-based SRFs that are beneficial to sustainable crop production.
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are significant components of the innate immune system and play indispensable roles in the resistance to bacterial infection. Here, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of lycosin-I, a 24-residue cationic anticancer peptide derived from Lycosa singorensis with high structural similarity to several cationic and amphiphilic antimicrobial peptides. The antimicrobial activity of lycosin-I against 27 strains of microbes including bacteria and fungi was examined and compared with that of the Xenopus-derived AMP magainin 2 using a microdilution assay. Lycosin-I inhibited the growth of most microorganisms at low micromolar concentrations, and was a more potent inhibitor than magainin 2. Lycosin-I showed rapid, selective and broad-spectrum bactericidal activity and a synergistic effect with traditional antibiotics. In vivo, it showed potent bactericidal activity in a mouse thigh infection model. High Mg2+ concentrations reduced the antibacterial effect of lycosin-I, implying that the peptide might directly interact with the bacterial cell membrane. Uptake of the fluorogenic dye SYTOX and changes in the surface of lycosin-Itreated bacterial cells observed by scanning electron microscopy confirmed that lycosin-I permeabilized the cell membrane, resulting in the rapid bactericidal effect. Taken together, our findings indicate that lycosin-I is a promising peptide with the potential for the development of novel antibacterial agents.
Large amounts of food are wasted during the food supply chain.
This loss is in part due to consumer confusion over dates on food
packages that can indicate a variety of quality indicators in the
product (e.g., expiration date, “best by” date, “sell
by” dates, etc.). To reduce this food loss, much research has
been focused on the films that offer simple and easily manipulated
indication systems to detect food spoilage. However, these materials
are usually hydrophilic biopolymers that can detect the food spoilage
in a wide pH range but do not provide highly sensitive real-time measurements.
In this work, a glycerol-based nanocomposite core–shell latex
film was synthesized to create a responsive packaging material that
can provide real-time pH detection of food with high sensitivity.
First, the pH-responsive dendrimer comonomer was synthesized from
glycerol and diamine. Then, the nanoencapsulation polymerization process
via miniemulsion was conducted to form a core–shell structure
with tunable nanoshell thickness for a sensible pH-responsive release
(<0.5 pH change). Next, the flexible film encapsulated a color-indicative
dye that provided highly sensitive and visible color changes as both
the pH dropped and the time elapsed in the food. This film also provided
a barrier to water and heat and resisted deformation. Ultimately,
this nanocomposite flexible film pending a pH sensor has the potential
as an intelligent food packaging material for a universal, accurate,
easy-to-use, and real-time food spoilage monitoring system to reduce
food waste.
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are critical foodborne pathogens,
which cause serious human health issues, including hemolytic uremic
syndrome. Illnesses caused by STEC lack effective treatments that
target the elimination of these bacteria from the gastrointestinal
tract without causing an adverse effect. Reducing this pathogen from
a reservoir of STEC is an effective strategy, but the challenges remain
due to the lack of efficient, selective antimicrobial agents. We developed
specific antibody-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles (CNs) to selectively
target and treat STEC in the gastrointestinal tract. Given the great
broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of CN, we conjugated antibodies
to CN. Antibodies were raised and purified from egg yolks after immunization
of hens with seven different O-side-chain antigens isolated from STEC
(O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157). We prepared CN-immunoglobulin
Y (IgY) conjugates by forming amide bonds at different ratios of CN:IgY
(10:1, 10:2, and 10:4). The CN-IgY conjugated at a 10:2 ratio demonstrated
significantly enhanced antimicrobial activity against E. coli O157:H7. Conjugates of CN and anti-STEC IgY
antibodies killed corresponding STEC serotypes specifically and selectively,
while showing no significant impact on nontargeted bacteria, including Salmonella enterica and Lactobacillus
plantarum. The enhanced antimicrobial activity of
CN-IgY against STEC was also confirmed in synthetic intestinal fluid,
as well as an in vivo animal model of Caenorhabditis
elegans. These results suggest that the CN-IgY conjugates
have strong and specific antimicrobial activity and that they are
also great candidates to eliminate pathogens selectively in the gastrointestinal
tract without inhibiting beneficial bacteria.
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient
for crops, but its excess
in discharge water harms both surface water and groundwater quality.
A cost-effective and eco-friendly adsorbent is desirable to meet circular
economy criteria by effectively removing P from water and being safely
recycled for agricultural use. Thus, this study aims to synthesize
an amine-functionalized magnetic lignin nanocomposite biosorbent by
first grafting poly(ethyleneimine) on epoxidized lignin followed by
coprecipitation with iron. This biosorbent shows an adsorption performance
of 43 mg g–1, which is 20 times greater than the
unmodified lignin reported in a previous research study and six times
more than the magnetic iron metal. A series of characterization methods
confirm the chemical features and the formation of a nanostructure.
The pH, coexisting anions, and salt concentrations affect the P removal
efficiency. The mechanism studies show that the electrostatic interaction
between NH3
+ functional groups and P, surface
precipitation, and ligand exchange all count for P removal, which
indicates the heterogeneous adsorption of P onto the sorbent surface
by both chemisorption and physisorption. The seedling study confirms
that the nanocomposite after P adsorption has better root development
and biomass accumulation as a recycled fertilizer.
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