Background: Induction of labor (IOL) has been studied as a strategy to reduce rates of cesarean birth (CB). Midwifery care models are also associated with lower CB rates, even considering that midwives perform fewer IOLs. In this study, we examined childbirth outcomes among individuals undergoing IOL in certified nurse-midwifery (CNM) care as compared to two categories of expectant management (EM). Methods: Data were from two CNM practices in the United States (2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018). The sample was limited to term nulliparous, nondiabetic, singleton, vertex pregnancies.Individuals having an IOL in each week of gestation (37th, 38th, etc
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