The battery energy storage system (BESS) is an indispensable part of an electric fleet (EF) which needs to be charged by electricity from local grid when the fleet is in the dockyard. The uncoordinated fast charging of BESS in Grid to Ferry (G2F) mode imposes sudden increments of load in the power grid, which is analyzed by a simulated model of grid connected marine load. The probable impact on system stability is examined by MATLAB Simulink and Power World Simulator based models. According to simulation results for IEEE 5 bus system, voltage unbalance factors are 0.01% and 200% for all buses at fundamental and third harmonics frequencies, respectively. The total harmonic distortion (THD) at fundamental frequency becomes 0.16%, 0.16%, and 0.18%, respectively, for three cases. The transient, voltage reactive power (V-Q), and voltage real power (V-P) sensitivity analysis are performed for 7 bus system with load increment contingencies. According to simulation results, the V-Q sensitivity for the assigned contingency is increased by the addition of a shunt generator to the load bus with lowest bus voltage. In case of V-P sensitivity for the selected contingency, the load buses share power among them, and the nose point is attained at maximum shift of power with high V-Q sensitivity.
Integrating renewable resources into the electrical systems of marine vessels achieves the dual goal of diversifying energy resources and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The presence of intermittent renewable sources and sudden nonlinear load changes can cause frequency deviations in isolated hybrid marine microgrids. To address this issue, the paper proposes a conventional PID (proportional–integral–derivative)-controller-based LFC (load frequency controller) which is optimized by meta-heuristic optimization algorithms, namely, PSO (particle swarm optimization), GWO (grey wolf optimization) and hybrid PSO-GWO. The proposed LFC was designed using transfer functions of various microgrid components, with ITAE (integral time absolute error) and ITSE (integral time square error) serving as performance indices. The proposed LFC’s validation was performed through HIL (hardware-in-loop) real-time simulation using a DS 1104 R&D controller board, with simulation results showing the better performance of the optimized frequency response compared to the nonoptimized LFC controller in terms of rise time, fall time, slew rate and overshoot. The hybrid PSO-GWO algorithm performs better than the other optimization algorithms. The simulation results demonstrate the stability and robustness of the proposed controller. In summary, the proposed PID-controller-based LFC can regulate frequency deviation in standalone hybrid marine microgrids effectively.
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