Validity and parent-child agreement of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children-Parent Report (SPAI-C-P) were examined in a racially diverse sample of 158 students in Grades 5 through 8 (87 girls; ages 10 to 14; M = 11.53) and their caregivers. Children completed the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C), and caregivers completed the SPAI-C-P and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The SPAI-C-P demonstrated good internal consistency and was significantly correlated with child self-reported social anxiety. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a 3-factor model over a 5-factor model, and concurrent validity was evidenced. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Two case studies are presented to demonstrate that children who experience trauma-related nightmares may benefit from cognitive-behavioral therapy for this sleep problem. The treatment was adapted from the empirically supported adult treatment for chronic trauma-related nightmares: exposure, relaxation, and rescripting therapy (ERRT). Pretreatment and posttreatment nightmare frequency and severity were measured in addition to subjective nightmare-related distress, behavioral problems, sleep quality and quantity, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression. Improvement in nightmare and sleep disturbance frequencies were found as well as reductions in parents' reports of child behavior problems. This study provides preliminary support for the use of ERRT with children.
IntroductionFibromyalgia is a chronic disease. This diagnosis has been controversial in scientific society. However, there is one fact: there are women who feel not only uncontrollable and non-specific body pain, but also psychological symptoms.ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of online sessions versus in onsite sessions. To demonstrate that online mindfulness sessions could help to reduce pain in patients with a diagnosis of fibromialgya.MethodA website created to give education and advice to women with fibromyalgia related to the disease was used as a platform to offer online mindfulness sessions.Two hundred and thirty-four patients with fibromyalgia asked to participate in the online sessions, but only 13 were included in the study. Nineteen other women received onsite mindfulness sessions. Patients were evaluated before and after intervention. Two analyses were undertaken: intragroup and intergroup.ResultsNo differences were found between online mindfulness session and onsite mindfulness session. In both cases, an improvement in the questionnaire scores was demonstrated. Mindfulness as a kind of psychotherapy helped patients to control pain and symptoms of anxiety.DiscussionThe new ICTs offer a huge of possibilities in medicine and mental health. With respect to psychiatry, not only intervention, like psychotherapy, can be offered but also psychoeducation. However, there are factors such as age and educational level that make online intervention difficult.ConclusionIn the near future, most people will interact with technology and it would be easier to supply online interventions and psychoeducation e-patients already exist, so e-doctors and e-psychiatrists should be online soon.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Sexual harassment is illegal and occurs in a variety of settings. Laws have been developed to protect individuals from this problem in workplace, housing, and educational contexts. Both females and males experience sexual harassment. However, women are more likely to experience sexual harassment than men (Nora et al., 2002; Street, Gradus, Stafford, & Kelly, 2007). According to a study of federal employees, approximately 44% of women and 19% of men have experienced sexual harassment over a 2‐year period (United States Merit Systems Protection Board, 1995). In 2007, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) received 12,510 charges of sexual harassment, with only 16% of those charges filed by males. Additionally, charges of sexual harassment can be quite costly. According to the EEOC web site (
http://www.eeoc.gov
), in 2007, 11,592 sexual harassment charges were resolved by the EEOC, with $49.9 million in monetary benefits recovered for charging parties and other aggrieved individuals. Importantly, this amount did not include monetary benefits obtained through litigation.
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