Background Recently, despite the steady decline in the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic globally, school TB outbreaks have been frequently reported in China. This study aimed to quantify the transmissibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) among students and non-students using a mathematical model to determine characteristics of TB transmission. Methods We constructed a dataset of reported TB cases from four regions (Jilin Province, Xiamen City, Chuxiong Prefecture, and Wuhan City) in China from 2005 to 2019. We classified the population and the reported cases under student and non-student groups, and developed two mathematical models [nonseasonal model (Model A) and seasonal model (Model B)] based on the natural history and transmission features of TB. The effective reproduction number (Reff) of TB between groups were calculated using the collected data. Results During the study period, data on 456,423 TB cases were collected from four regions: students accounted for 6.1% of cases. The goodness-of-fit analysis showed that Model A had a better fitting effect (P < 0.001). The average Reff of TB estimated from Model A was 1.68 [interquartile range (IQR): 1.20–1.96] in Chuxiong Prefecture, 1.67 (IQR: 1.40–1.93) in Xiamen City, 1.75 (IQR: 1.37–2.02) in Jilin Province, and 1.79 (IQR: 1.56–2.02) in Wuhan City. The average Reff of TB in the non-student population was 23.30 times (1.65/0.07) higher than that in the student population. Conclusions The transmissibility of MTB remains high in the non-student population of the areas studied, which is still dominant in the spread of TB. TB transmissibility from the non-student-to-student-population had a strong influence on students. Specific interventions, such as TB screening, should be applied rigorously to control and to prevent TB transmission among students. Graphical Abstract
In this paper, we study and analyze the urban road landscape by integrating big data with GIS and designing a simulation system. Underwood is selected as the base model and calibrated for optimal density and capacity. The traffic flow model is optimized, and the minimum flow rate of each class of road is corrected; the traffic volume of highway and expressway in the early morning and at night is adjusted to make up for the discrepancy between the calculated flow rate of the model and the actual situation due to the unstable speed. Investigate and analyze the pollutants produced by enterprises along the road and select suitable and targeted plants to enhance the ecological protection of road landscape and optimize and improve the park environment; combine the regional culture and apply the ceramic culture to the design of road landscape vignettes; select suitable water and moisture-resistant plants for slope protection plant landscape design, to form a trinity of ecological protection, landscape road, and riverfront green space of industrial park road landscape. As a new basic geospatial infrastructure and carrier, 3D city has a unique spatiotemporal view to plan and manage the operation and maintenance information of the whole city. This part of the study takes urban planning, community management, urban publicity, and tourism management as demonstration cases and focuses on the elaboration and verification of how 3D city data and 3D urban geographic information are applied in the refined urban construction and management. Typical road measurement data are selected, and the applicability of the road traffic flow model of each level is judged by numerical analysis. An interactive road model editing method with the help of auxiliary information is proposed. With the help of auxiliary information displayed in different ways, the operation of adjusting road height in three-dimensional space is transformed into operation in a two-dimensional plane, which can effectively simplify the operation process and improve the accuracy of model editing.
This paper analyzes and studies the structure and parameters of the VGGNet network model and selects the most commonly used and efficient VGG-16 as the prototype of the improved model. A multiscale sampling layer is added at the end of the VGG-16 convolution part so that the model can input images of any size for training and testing while reducing the number of neurons in the fully connected layer. This improves the training speed of the model under the premise of ensuring the accuracy. This paper uses multisource street spatial data combined with geographic information spatial analysis technology to measure and evaluate the spatial quality of streets in the main urban area. From the three dimensions of vitality, safety, and greenness of urban street space quality, a systematic structure for evaluation and analysis of street space quality is constructed. Street vitality includes eight index factors: entrance and exit density, street furniture density, street sketch density, street characteristic landscape density, POI density, POI diversity, commercial POI ratio, and street population density. There are five index factors: degree, roadside parking occupancy ratio, traffic signal system density, sidewalk width proportion, and street facility density. We use ArcGIS to build an index factor information database for statistical analysis and visualization. According to the natural discontinuous point classification method, the safety level of urban street public space is divided into five grades. The sample size of the first four grades has a small fluctuation range. The sample sizes are 153, 172, 153, and 158, respectively, accounting for 21%, 23%, 21%, and 21% of the total street samples, of which the first two grades occupy a total of 44%, so 44% of the streets in the main urban area have a low-quality level of street space. Level 5 has a sample of 102 streets, accounting for 14%, with an average street space quality value of 0.43.
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