Coke deposition on the zeolite catalysts
in the conversion of furan
(a main intermediate of biomass fast pyrolysis) is of serious concern
for catalyst deactivation and product distribution. It is important
to find out the nature and composition of coke on the spent ZSM-5
catalyst to study the coke-depositing behaviors. In this work, spent
ZSM-5 catalysts obtained from furan catalytic conversion for chemicals
at different reaction times and pyrolysis temperatures were characterized.
The spent catalysts were first treated with hydrofluoric acid, and
then the organics were extracted with CH2Cl2. The characterization of the origin coke and the treated insoluble
coke were analyzed by the combination of some analytical techniques,
including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis
(TGA). The extracted organics were analyzed by HPLC to determine the
chemical composition of the soluble coke. The results show that coke
formation mainly involves condensation and rearrangement steps at
a low reaction temperature (<200 °C). Coke components are
polyaromatics, which formed by hydrogen transfer in addition to condensation
and rearrangement steps at high temperatures (>200 °C). In
the
FTIR analysis, high aromaticity of coke species was obtained with
increasing temperature, which indicates that the pyrolysis temperature
plays a dominant role in the coke formation. TGA reveals that high
temperature favors the formation of hard coke. The results enhance
the understanding of coke formation and adjusting mechanism in biomass
catalytic pyrolysis process.
Catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis vapor from rape straw was performed in a vacuum pyrolysis system over La/HZSM-5 with hierarchical structure. When 3M NaCO was used for alkali treatment, the desilication process of HZSM-5 zeolite was highly controllable and the hierarchical porous HZSM-5(Hi-ZSM-5) zeolite was formed. After that, Hi-ZSM-5 was modified by impregnation with lanthanum ion, the acid sites of Lewis increased and the concentrations ratio of Brönsted acid and Lewis acid of the catalyst was improved. The highest hydrocarbons selectivity (49.86%), the lowest carbonyl compounds content (11.06%), and reasonable catalytic stability were obtained by the La/Hi-ZSM-5 catalyst. In addition, La/Hi-ZSM-5 further reduced the coke content of the catalyst to 11.05%, while increasing the selectivity of high value aromatic hydrocarbons. Obviously, La/Hi-ZSM-5 zeolite had high catalytic activity, and exhibited good potential and a beneficial nature for efficient preparation of high-valued bio-oil from rape straw.
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