This paper explores how the use of imputed earnings data to measure income in the Survey of Income and Program Participation affects the observed relationship between household income volatility and food insufficiency. The study finds that the inclusion of imputed earnings data when measuring income volatility substantially understates the association between large drops in household income and food insufficiency. After excluding observations with imputed earnings, large drops in income are associated with a 1.3 percentage point increase in the probability of food insufficiency, although the estimate is not statistically significant at conventional levels.
Objectives. To examine the impact of a Wisconsin health care reform enacted in early 2008 on public insurance enrollment and retention. Data Sources. Administrative data covering the period January 2007 to November 2009. Study Design. We calculate unadjusted enrollment trends and exit rates stratified by age, income group, and enrollment mode. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models are estimated to assess the impact of the reform on program exits. Principal Findings. Overall enrollment increased by approximately one-third and exit rates decreased by approximately one-fifth. The majority of new enrollment came from the previously income eligible. Conclusions. Wisconsin's enactment of eligibility expansions coupled with administrative simplification and targeted marketing and outreach efforts were successful in enrolling and retaining low-income children and families in public coverage.
prepared a special analysis for this article. above designated thresholds. Loans with prices above the thresholds are referred to here as "higher-priced loans.'' Other important new information being reported under the revised regulation is whether the loan is a first lien, a junior lien, or unsecured (characteristics referred to here as a loan's lien status), whether it is secured by a manufactured home, and whether it is subject to the protections of the Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act of 1994 (HOEPA). These new pieces of information allow for a better understanding of lending activity in the higher-priced segment of the home-loan market, a segment that was virtually nonexistent a decade or so ago and is now a substantial part of the market. The growth of this market segment, while affording some consumers greater access to credit, has been accompanied by concerns about abusive lending practices, often referred to as "predatory lending.(footnote 2 The Federal Reserve has adopted no specific definition of predatory lending, but the term is often considered to encompass a variety of lending practices involving fraud, deception, or unfairness. Some predatory lending practices are illegal; others, although legal, are still considered abusive in certain circumstances. Some of the practices considered questionable or in some cases illegal include (1) making loans that are based on the asset value of the collateral but are unaffordable given the consumer's ability to pay the obligation; (2) inducing repeated refinancing accompanied by high fees that provide no material benefit to the consumer (sometimes referred to as ''loan flipping''); (3) inducing the consumer, through deception or fraud, to accept loan add-ons, such as single-premium credit insurance; (4) ''steering'' borrowers qualified for lower-rate loans into higher-priced loans; and (5) purposely overestimating the value of the collateral to overstate available equity or induce a consumer to pay an inflated price for a home end footnote)These concerns lend importance to a better understanding of the higher-priced segment of the market and a greater ability to monitor the activities of the individual lenders involved in it. This article presents a first look at the greatly expanded 2004 HMDA data and considers some of their implications for the continuing concerns about fair lending(footnote 3 For additional information, see Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, National Credit Union Administration, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and Office of Thrift Supervision (2005), ''Agencies Announce Answers to Frequently Asked Questions about New HMDA Data,'' press release, March 31, www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/press/all/2005/. end footnote) The analysis highlights some key relationships revealed in an initial review of the types of data that are new for 2004. Some parts of the analysis focus on nationwide statistics, and others examine patterns acro...
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) relies heavily on the expansion of Medicaid eligibility to cover uninsured populations. In February 2008, Wisconsin expanded and reformed its Medicaid/CHIP program and, as part of program implementation, automatically enrolled a set of newly eligible parents and children. This process of "auto-enrollment" targeted newly eligible parents and older children whose children/siblings were already enrolled in the state's Medicaid/CHIP program. Autoenrollment brought over 44,000 individuals into the program, representing more than 60% of all enrollees in the first month of the reformed program. Individuals who were auto-enrolled were modestly more likely to leave the program relative to other individuals who enrolled in February 2008, unless their incomes were high enough to be required to pay premiums; these auto-enrollees were much more likely to exit relative to other enrollees subject to premium payments. The higher exit rates exhibited by nonpremium paying auto-enrollees were likely due to the fact that over 40% of auto-enrollees were covered by a private insurance policy in the month of their enrollment, compared to approximately 30% for regular enrollees. A national simulation of an auto-enrollment process similar to Wisconsin's, including the expansion of adult Medicaid eligibility to 133% of the federal poverty level under the ACA, suggests that 2.5 million of the 5.6 million newly eligible parents could be auto-enrolled, and approximately 25% of this population would be privately insured. These results suggest that auto-enrollment may be appropriate for other states, especially in their efforts to enroll eligible populations who are not subject to premium requirements.
Tenkean provided research assistance. [footnote] 14. Office of Thrift Supervision (2004), ''Community Reinvestment Act-Community Development, Assigned Ratings,'' Federal Register, vol. 69 (Nov. 24), p. 68257. [end of footnote.] [footnote] 21. In classifying rural counties, the U.S. Department of Agriculture makes the distinction between exurban and remote, among others. [end of footnote.] Second, 14 percent of the status-changing institutions had ''outstanding'' CRA performance ratings at their last examinations, compared with 37 percent of larger institutions and 11 percent of small institutions.
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