Increased immunoreactivity of MMP-2 and -9 in FA and PN samples is indirectly related to MIP-2 through its role in neutrophil chemo-attraction. Tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and TIMP-2 are up-regulated in equine purulonecrotic and fungal keratitis secondary to MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. The correlation between MMPs -2 and -9, MIP-2, TIMPs -1 and -2 suggests that these proteins play a specific role in the pathogenesis of equine fungal keratitis.
Objective
To document a case series using corneoconjunctival transposition (CCT) surgery with and without bioscaffolding matrix (ACell®) to repair deep corneal ulcers and perforations in dogs.
Animals studied
Eighteen dogs of various breeds that presented with deep or perforating corneal ulcers.
Procedures
Corneoconjunctival transposition grafts with or without ACell® were sutured using a simple interrupted 8‐0 or 9‐0 polyglactin 910 pattern.
Results
A total of eighteen dogs (19 eyes) were diagnosed with deep corneal ulcers (n = 7) and perforating corneal ulcers (n = 12). A CCT was performed in all eyes, with ten of them additionally receiving an ACell® graft. The majority of lesions were located axially in 14/19 (81%) eyes. Grafts were harvested from dorsal (n = 8), temporal (n = 5), ventral (n = 4), or nasal (n = 2) quadrants. Brachycephalic breeds (13/18) were over‐represented. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca was present in 10/19 eyes (52.6%). Bacterial isolates were cultured from 8/19 eyes. Post‐operative therapy included topical antibiotics, plasma, cycloplegics, oral antibiotics, and oral nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. CCT integration with and without ACell® occurred at a median of 20 days (range 7‐38 days) post‐operatively with no significant difference between groups. Median follow‐up time was 188 days. Short‐term post‐operative complications included granulation tissue formation (19/19), corneal edema (4/19), graft retraction (4/19), and anterior synechia (1/19). Long‐term complications in 14 eyes with follow‐up >30 days included superficial corneal pigmentation (6/14) and epithelial inclusion cysts (5/14). Two eyes were nonvisual at last follow‐up due to cataract formation.
Conclusions
Corneoconjunctival transposition with ACell® can be utilized for corneal ulcer repair in dogs.
Objective
Investigate histopathology and spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of wild owls with chorioretinitis and identify any potential correlation with an infectious etiology.
Materials and Methods
Ophthalmic examination and retinal OCT imaging were performed on fifteen great horned (Strix varia) and barred (Bubo virginianus) owls (30 eyes) with chorioretinitis and five owls with normal eyes (10 eyes). Testing to investigate the presence of potential infectious diseases included a complete blood count, biochemistry, protein electrophoresis, West Nile virus (WNV) plaque reduction neutralization test, Toxoplasma gondii modified direct agglutination test, WNV RT‐PCR, and Avian Influenza RT‐PCR. A necropsy was performed on all owls, including ocular histopathology.
Results
Fundus lesions included retinal detachment (7/15 owls), depigmented lesions (12/15), pigment clumping (8/15), and retinal tear (4/15). All birds were negative for WNV and Avian Influenza on RT‐PCR. Of the owls with chorioretinitis, 3/15 were seropositive for WNV and 7/15 for T. gondii. Optical coherence tomography of 25/30 affected eyes revealed outer retinal lesions (19/25 eyes), retinal detachment (16/25), and retinal tears (3/25). Histopathological examination revealed outer nuclear layer atrophy (19/30 eyes), retinal detachment (18/30), retinal tears (7/30), suprachoroidal hemorrhage (12/30), scleral rupture (3/30), and ossicle fracture (3/30).
Conclusions
Although 20% of birds were seropositive for WNV and 46.6% for T. gondii, histopathologic findings supported that the posterior segment lesions in the study group were likely due to blunt ocular trauma rather than an infectious etiology. The results of OCT imaging and histopathology documented retinal changes most consistent with blunt ocular trauma.
IntroductionAnesthesia induction agents have the potential to cause severe ocular side effects, resulting in lasting damage to the eye.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to determine the effects of tiletamine—zolazepam on IOP compared to propofol when they are used as an induction agent in normal healthy dogs.MethodsTwenty healthy adult client owned dogs weighing 22.2 ± 7.6 kg were selected for the study. In a randomized order, all dogs received tiletamine-zolazepam 5 mg/kg IV or propofol 8 mg/kg IV titrated to effect without premedication. Washout between each treatment was at least seven days. IOP measurements were obtained at four time points: baseline, post-induction, post-intubation, and after recovery using applanation tonometry. No additional procedures were performed. After normality of the data was determined, a linear mixed model was built with time, eye, treatment and all interactions of those variables as fixed effects and subject as a random effect.ResultsThere was no significant difference for age, body weight, drug dose, baseline IOP, and recovery IOP between treatments. Average IOP measurements remained within the normal range of 15-25 mmHg at these time points. However, IOP was significantly less elevated by the tiletamine-zolazepam treatment vs. propofol at the post-induction (mean difference: −4.7 ± 4.6 [95%CI −6.8 to −2.5]) and the post-intubation (mean difference: −4.4 ± 4.6 [95%CI −6.5 to −2.2]) time points.Clinical significanceDogs receiving tiletamine-zolazepam for anesthetic induction had a significantly less elevated IOP at induction and intubation compared to dogs receiving propofol.
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