At the 5-year of follow-up, OMT failed to prevent carotid disease progression or development of ipsilateral symptoms in 45% of patients with AMCAS.

CEA has favorable perioperative and long-term clinical and anatomic outcomes with respect to its goal of stroke prevention for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Adjuvant medical therapy (antilipid) has increased overall and ipsilateral stroke-free survival.

CKD independently predicts early and late adverse events after a PVI, in particular, excessive mortality. CKD should figure prominently in clinical decision making for patients with peripheral vascular disease.