Organic and microbial fertilizers have potential advantages over inorganic fertilizers in improving soil fertility and crop yield without harmful side-effects. However, the effects of these bio-organic fertilizers on the soil microbiome and metabolome remain largely unknown, especially in the context of bamboo cultivation. In this study, we cultivated Dendrocalamus farinosus (D. farinosus) plants under five different fertilization conditions: organic fertilizer (OF), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bio-fertilizer (Ba), Bacillus mucilaginosus Krassilnikov bio-fertilizer (BmK), organic fertilizer plus Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bio-fertilizer (OFBa), and organic fertilizer plus Bacillus mucilaginosus Krassilnikov bio-fertilizer (OFBmK). We conducted 16S rRNA sequencing and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC–MS) to evaluate the soil bacterial composition and soil metabolic activity in the different treatment groups. The results demonstrate that all the fertilization conditions altered the soil bacterial community composition. Moreover, the combination of organic and microbial fertilizers (i.e., in the OFBa and OFBmK groups) significantly affected the relative abundance of soil bacterial species; the largest number of dominant microbial communities were found in the OFBa group, which were strongly correlated with each other. Additionally, non-targeted metabolomics revealed that the levels of soil lipids and lipid-like molecules, and organic acids and their derivatives, were greatly altered under all treatment conditions. The levels of galactitol, guanine, and deoxycytidine were also markedly decreased in the OFBa and OFBmK groups. Moreover, we constructed a regulatory network to delineated the relationships between bamboo phenotype, soil enzymatic activity, soil differential metabolites, and dominant microbial. The network revealed that bio-organic fertilizers promoted bamboo growth by modifying the soil microbiome and metabolome. Accordingly, we concluded that the use of organic fertilizers, microbial fertilizers, or their combination regulated bacterial composition and soil metabolic processes. These findings provide new insights into how D. farinosus-bacterial interactions are affected by different fertilization regiments, which are directly applicable to the agricultural cultivation of bamboo.
In 2013, China's President Xi Jinping first put forward "precision poverty alleviation". Lankao County of Henan Province was listed as a poverty-stricken national county by the poverty alleviation and development leading group of the State Council in 2012, starting the targeted poverty alleviation. However, in implementing the targeted poverty alleviation policy, Lankao County still has some problems in the policy implementation process. How does Lankao County's targeted poverty alleviation policy develop? What factors lead to the implementation deviation? Taking Lankao County of Henan Province as the object of empirical analysis, this paper obtains detailed data by searching second-hand data. In addition, using the research methods of literature and case analysis, combined with media reports and government documents to analyze the policy development and implementation process of targeted poverty alleviation policy in Lankao. The paper summarizes the development of a targeted poverty alleviation policy in Lankao County, divided into two stages. The policy of the first stage focuses more on the macroscopic plans of poverty alleviation. The second stage focuses on the formulation and implementation of targeted policies. Besides, analyzing Smith's policy implementation model, results indicate that the transmission of a multi-level administrative system leads to policy information asymmetry, limited cultural level of target groups, and low execution efficiency of execution institutions. Smith's policy implementation model broadens the scope of the theoretical policy analysis and has certain positive theoretical and practical significance for other poor agricultural areas and even all poor areas to refer to and learn from.
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