Gut microorganisms can profoundly influence brain function in the host and their behavior. Since altered brain functional connectivity (FC) has been implicated in various cerebrovascular disorders, including cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, we hypothesized that gut microbiota in mice with cerebral I/R injury would affect brain FC when transplanted into germ-free mice. Metagenomic analysis of germ-free male C57BL/6J mice colonized with microbiota from mice with and without cerebral I/R injury showed a clear distinction in microbiota composition between mice colonized with control and I/R microbiota. The I/R microbiota-colonized mice showed decreased FC in the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus, and exhibited increased anxiety as well as diminished spatial learning and memory and short-term object recognition memory. I/R microbiota-colonized mice also had significantly reduced dendritic spine density and synaptic protein levels and exhibited increased hippocampal inflammation. These results indicate that gut microbiota components from mice with cerebral I/R injury can alter animal behavior, brain functional connectivity, hippocampal neuronal plasticity, and neuroinflammation. Moreover, they increase our understanding of the mechanisms through which the gut microbiome contributes to the pathobiology of cerebrovascular diseases.
In the pituitary sella, the coexistence of pituitary adenoma and primary pituitary lymphoma is exceedingly rare. Thus far, only six cases have been reported. Here, we present the seventh case of coexisting pituitary adenoma and primary pituitary lymphoma, which was difficult to differentiate from other sellar tumors. To our knowledge, this is the first case of the prolactin subtype of the pituitary adenoma in literature. We have also systematically reviewed the literature and summarized the characteristics of coexisting pituitary adenoma and lymphoma. We believe this report provides a new clinical reference for the diagnosis and treatment of collision tumors of pituitary adenoma and lymphoma.
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