Considering the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs) released in 2015, this article constructed an SDGoriented land use simulation (SDG-LUS) model incorporating SDG-oriented system dynamics (SDG-SD) and SDG-oriented cellular automata (SDG-CA), and utilized it to simulate land use changes in the Yangtze river delta region. The SDG-SD model was developed to predict the land use demands from 2021 to 2030 under the constraints of multiple SDG indicators, including economic indicators (SDG2.3.1 and SDG8.1.1), social indicators (SDG3.c.1, SDG4.1.2, SDG5.b.1, SDG9.C.1, SDG 9.1.2, SDG11.2.1, and SDG11.7.1) and environmental indicators (SDG6.3.1 and SDG11.6.2). Four sustainable development scenarios, including reference, economic development, environmental protection and social progress scenarios, were established by utilizing the index and indicator board of the SDG indicators in 2030. Then, the SDG-CA model was applied to spatialize and simulate the land use evolution from 2021 to 2030 under different sustainable development scenarios. The results validate the applicability of the SDG-LUS model, and confirm that scenario simulations of different sustainability levels are conducive to supporting the formulation of sustainable land use plans.
As a product of the development of the Internet and the sharing economy, shared bicycles are beneficial in solving the last mile problem of public transportation for urban residents and expanding the service area of urban public transportation to a certain extent. This paper analyses the spatial-temporal characteristics of shared bicycles in the city of Beijing by using kernel density estimation and statistical analysis methods. The maximum coverage location problem model is used to quantify the effects of shared bicycles on the subway and bus urban public transportation systems. The analysis results are of great importance to identify the effects of shared bicycle usage on an urban bus public transportation system from the view of space-time. The results show that (1) shared bicycles are largely located within 1.5 km from the subway station and 500 m from the bus stations; (2) the number of the shared bicycle usage changes along with the distance from the subway and bus stations; (3) subway and bus stations are divided into six types based on the sink-source characteristics of shared bicycles; (4) the service areas of subway and bus stations are expanded by approximately 2.34 and 1.33 times, respectively, after the implementation of shared bicycles. characteristics of shared bicycles, some studies have identified different purposes of cyclists, such as commuting and recreational usage [7,11,15]. Some studies have proposed the spatial-temporal clustering of bicycles to explore the collective behavior of bike sharing users [8,16,17]. It has been demonstrated that the analyses of the characteristics of shared bicycle trips are helpful for making decisions on the allocation and dispatching of shared bicycles [18][19][20].However, shared bicycles, as an alternative mode of public transportation [21], are embedded in the space where the original public transportation is located. The accessibility of the traffic network and the service level of public transportation have a significant correlation with shared bicycle usage [22]. Therefore, studying the effects of shared bicycles on urban public transportation is an important research topic. The existing research qualitatively analyzed the great contribution of shared bicycles in relieving the pressure on public transportation systems [23][24][25]. Some scholars have analyzed the effects of public bicycle systems on the travel time of public transportation, and the results showed that public bicycle systems improved the efficiency of urban public transport trips [26][27][28]. Some scholars quantitatively analyzed the effects of a dockless bike-sharing system on the public bike system [29]. However, few studies have quantitatively analyzed the influence of shared bicycles on the urban public transportation system from a spatial perspective.The objective of this paper is to analyze the spatial-temporal characteristics of dockless shared bicycle trips to quantitatively explore its influence on public transportation. The remainder of this paper is organized into the followin...
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