Ocean surface gravity waves (hereafter referred to as surface waves or waves) are generated by winds, and represent the most energetic motion in the ocean. The interactions of waves with ocean currents play crucial roles in the air-sea exchange and coastal dynamics and have many important applications in offshore engineering, remote sensing, and weather forecasting (Cavaleri et al., 2012;Fan et al., 2009;Rong et al., 2014). The effects of surface waves on ocean currents, however, are often left out from the ocean general circulation and climate models (Babanin et al., 2017). There are four main physical mechanisms through which surface waves can affect ocean currents: (a) the effects of waves on the air-sea fluxes, (b) wave-induced forces on currents through the Stokes drift, wave dissipation, and adjustment of pressure, (c) enhanced mixing of the upper ocean, and (d) an increase in the bottom friction experienced by currents (Cavaleri et al., 2012;McWilliams et al., 2012).At the air-sea interface, waves can affect the air-sea fluxes by changing the sea surface roughness (Donelan et al., 1993;Janssen, 1989). The sea surface roughness has been found to depend strongly on the wave age (Drennan et al., 2003) or wave steepness (Taylor & Yelland, 2001). Younger or steeper waves were found to have larger sea surface drag. The relationship between surface roughness and the wave state was, however, found to vary under different wave states Moon et al., 2004). The important roles of the wave-dependent
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