transfer of cystathionine -synthase into RVLM increases hydrogen sulfide-mediated suppression of sympathetic outflow via KATP channel in normotensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 308: H603-H611, 2015. First published January 16, 2015; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00693.2014.-Hydrogen sulfide has been shown to have a sympathoinhibitory effect in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The present study examined the function of cystathionine -synthase (CBS)/hydrogen sulfide system in the RVLM, which plays a crucial role in the control of blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity. Adenovirus vectors encoding CBS (Ad-CBS) or enhanced green fluorescent protein (AdEGFP) were transfected into the RVLM in normotensive rats. Identical microinjection of AdCBS into the RVLM had no effect on systolic blood pressure and heart rate (HR) in conscious rats. Acute experiments were performed at day 7 after gene transfer in anesthetized rats. Microinjection of the CBS inhibitors hydroxylamine (HA) or amino-oxyacetate into the RVLM produced an increase in the renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and HR. There was a potentiation of the increases in RSNA, MAP, and HR because of the CBS inhibitors in AdCBS-injected rats compared with Ad-EGFP-injected rats. Pretreatment with pinacidil, a ATP-sensitive potassium (K ATP) channel activator, abolished the effects of HA in two groups. Microinjection of glibenclamide, a K ATP channel blocker, produced increases in RSNA, MAP, and HR in AdCBS-injected rats. No changes in behavior were observed in AdEGFP-injected rats. Furthermore, Western blot analysis indicated an increase in the expression of sulfonylurea receptor 2 and inward rectifier K ϩ 6.1 in AdCBS-injected rats. These results suggest that the increase in K ATP channels in the RVLM may be responsible for the greater sympathetic outflow and pressor effect of HA in AdCBS-injected rats compared with AdEGFP-injected rats.cystathionine -synthase; rostral ventrolateral medulla; renal sympathetic nerve activity; gene transfer; blood pressure HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H 2 S) is an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor that enhances relaxation of the peripheral vasculature (2, 28). Recent studies (9, 13, 34) have also reported its physiological functions in the central nervous system. In mammalian tissues, H 2 S is produced through degradation of L-cysteine mainly by two main enzymes: cystathionine -synthase (CBS) and cystathionine ␥-lyase (15). CBS is primarily found in the brain, whereas CSE is mainly expressed in the peripheral tissues (15). CBS has been found in regions of the brain, such as the paraventricular nucleus (11) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) (13), which are responsible for the regulation of sympathetic nerve activity and thus arterial blood pressure.However, conflicting results have also been reported regarding the role of H 2 S in regulating sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure. Previous experiments have demonstrated that bilateral microinjection of sodium hydrosulfid...
The phase equilibrium of (KCl + K2SO4 + H2O) and (KH2PO4 + K2SO4 + H2O) at 288.15 K is studied by isothermal solution saturation method and wet residues. The equilibrium solid phases are analyzed by the Schreinemaker’s method of wet residues and verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). On the basis of the experimental data, the diagram of density versus composition and the phase diagram are plotted. The crystallization regions are determined. In the two systems, KCl and KH2PO4 have a strong salting-out effect on K2SO4, and the salting-out effect of KCl on K2SO4 is stronger than that of KH2PO4 on K2SO4. There are in all two crystalline regions, two univariant curves, and one invariant point. The crystalline region of K2SO4 is the largest, whereas that of KCl is the smallest. All results can offer fundamental data support for optimizing processes and further theoretical studies.
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