This article documents the addition of 396 microsatellite marker loci to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Anthocidaris crassispina, Aphis glycines, Argyrosomus regius, Astrocaryum sciophilum, Dasypus novemcinctus, Delomys sublineatus, Dermatemys mawii, Fundulus heteroclitus, Homalaspis plana, Jumellea rossii, Khaya senegalensis, Mugil cephalus, Neoceratitis cyanescens, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Phytophthora infestans, Piper cordulatum, Pterocarpus indicus, Rana dalmatina, Rosa pulverulenta, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Scomber colias, Semecarpus kathalekanensis, Stichopus monotuberculatus, Striga hermonthica, Tarentola boettgeri and Thermophis baileyi. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Aphis gossypii, Sooretamys angouya, Euryoryzomys russatus, Fundulus notatus, Fundulus olivaceus, Fundulus catenatus, Fundulus majalis, Jumellea fragrans, Jumellea triquetra Jumellea recta, Jumellea stenophylla, Liza richardsonii, Piper marginatum, Piper aequale, Piper darienensis, Piper dilatatum, Rana temporaria, Rana iberica, Rana pyrenaica, Semecarpus anacardium, Semecarpus auriculata, Semecarpus travancorica, Spondias acuminata, Holigarna grahamii, Holigarna beddomii, Mangifera indica, Anacardium occidentale, Tarentola delalandii, Tarentola caboverdianus and Thermophis zhaoermii.
Geochemical exploration for gold (Au) is becoming increasingly important to the mining industry. Current processes for Au analyses require sampling materials to be taken from often remote localities. Samples are then transported to a laboratory equipped with suitable analytical facilities, such as Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) or Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). Determining the concentration of Au in samples may take several weeks, leading to long delays in exploration campaigns. Hence, a method for the on-site analysis of Au, such as a biosensor, will greatly benefit the exploration industry. The golTSB genes from Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium are selectively induced by Au(I/III)-complexes. In the present study, the golTSB operon with a reporter gene, lacZ, was introduced into Escherichia coli. The induction of golTSB::lacZ with Au(I/III)-complexes was tested using a colorimetric β-galactosidase and an electrochemical assay. Measurements of the β-galactosidase activity for concentrations of both Au(I)- and Au(III)-complexes ranging from 0.1 to 5 µM (equivalent to 20 to 1000 ng g−1 or parts-per-billion (ppb)) were accurately quantified. When testing the ability of the biosensor to detect Au(I/III)-complexes(aq) in the presence of other metal ions (Ag(I), Cu(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn, As(III), Pb(II), Sb(III) or Bi(III)), cross-reactivity was observed, i.e. the amount of Au measured was either under- or over-estimated. To assess if the biosensor would work with natural samples, soils with different physiochemical properties were spiked with Au-complexes. Subsequently, a selective extraction using 1 M thiosulfate was applied to extract the Au. The results showed that Au could be measured in these extracts with the same accuracy as ICP-MS (P<0.05). This demonstrates that by combining selective extraction with the biosensor system the concentration of Au can be accurately measured, down to a quantification limit of 20 ppb (0.1 µM) and a detection limit of 2 ppb (0.01 µM).
This article documents the addition of 123 microsatellite marker loci to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Brenthis ino, Cichla orinocensis, Cichla temensis, Epinephelus striatus, Gobio gobio, Liocarcinus depurator, Macrolophus pygmaeus, Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi, Pelochelys cantorii, Philotrypesis josephi, Romanogobio vladykovi, Takydromus luyeanus and Takydromus viridipunctatus. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Cichla intermedia, Cichla ocellaris, Cichla pinima, Epinephelus acanthistius, Gobio carpathicus, Gobio obtusirostris, Gobio sp. 1, Gobio volgensis, Macrolophus costalis, Macrolophus melanotoma, Macrolophus pygmaeus, Romanogobio albipinnatus, Romanogobio banaticus, Romanogobio belingi, Romanogobio kesslerii, Romanogobio parvus, Romanogobio pentatrichus, Romanogobio uranoscopus, Takydromus formosanus, Takydromus hsuehshanesis and Takydromus stejnegeri.
Utilising a Bryce-Smith-Gilbert photoamination of benzene as a key step, a synthesis of (±)-conduramine E was carried out. A highly regioselective dihydroxylation of a cyclic diene was effected utilising Sharpless AD-mix-b.We have recently reported on the use of formamide 1, prepared via Bryce-Smith-Gilbert photoamination of benzene, as a precursor for the enantioselective synthesis of (-)-fortamine. 1,2 The synthetic potential of this crystalline compound has now been further realized, forming the foundation for a synthesis of (±)-conduramine E (Scheme 1). 3 Scheme 1 Proposed synthesis of conduramine E Thus, beginning from formamide 1, 1 bromonium ion induced cyclisation was investigated to install the relative stereochemistry between the adjacent carbon-nitrogen and carbon-oxygen bonds required for conduramine E. However, contrary to expectation, treatment of 1 with two equivalents of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) delivered a 49% yield of oxazolidinone 2, presumably via hydration of the intermediate 3 and oxidation of 4 (Scheme 2).In an effort to improve the yield of this conversion we examined a two-step procedure (Scheme 3). Initial treatment of 1 with polymer-supported Br 3 -afforded formate 5, presumably again via 4. 4 It is proposed that the acidic nature of this reagent is sufficient to cause N-protonation of 4, driving its ring opening to give 5. It is noteworthy that, in the presence of 2,6-lutidene, amidinium ion 7 was isolated, presumably via 6. The structure of 7 was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. 5 In the absence of protonation, 4 would be expected to rearrange to the thermodynamically more stable formamide 6 with subsequent cyclization to afford 7. 6 Overall, this transformation achieves the same stereochemical outcome as a Woodward-Prevost dihydroxylation. 7 Hydrolysis of the formate 5 afforded an amino alcohol that was directly protected with triphosgene to give the desired urethane 2 in an overall, purified yield of 86% from 1.Treatment of 2 with DBU effected elimination of HBr to afford diene 8 in 90% yield (Scheme 4). At this stage, synthesis of conduramine E required a regio-and stereoselective dihydroxylation to give 9. Treatment of 8 under modified Van Rheenen conditions resulted in dihydroxylation exclusively on the exo face with a 4:1 mixture of regioisomers (9/10) in 55% combined yield. 8 Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation reagents are usually ineffective at kinetic resolution but can be regioselective in diene dihydroxylation. 9 Indeed, when we treated 8 with ADmix-b for five hours between 0 °C and -5 °C, 9 was obtained as a single regio-and stereoisomer in 76% yield. 10 The shape of the bicyclic ring system makes the exo stereoselectivity unsurprising but the high regioselectivity is more difficult to rationalise. Unfortunately, kinetic resolution was ineffective with only 18% ee being achieved at 40% conversion with AD-mix-b.Scheme 2 Oxidative cyclisation of 1. Reagents and conditions: (i) NBS (2 equiv), CH 2 Cl 2 , 0 °C (49%). N t BuCHO 1 HO OH NH 2 HO ref. 1 conduramin...
Geochemical exploration for gold (Au) is becoming increasingly important to the mining industry. Current processes for Au analyses require sampling materials to be taken from often remote localities. Samples are then transported to a laboratory equipped with suitable analytical facilities, such as Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) or Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). Determining the concentration of Au in samples may take several weeks, leading to long delays in exploration campaigns. Hence, a method for the on-site analysis of Au, such as a biosensor, will greatly benefit the exploration industry. The golTSB genes from Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium are selectively induced by Au(I/III)-complexes. In the present study, the golTSB operon with a reporter gene, lacZ, was introduced into Escherichia coli. The induction of golTSB::lacZ with Au(I/III)-complexes was tested using a colorimetric b-galactosidase and an electrochemical assay. Measurements of the b-galactosidase activity for concentrations of both Au(I)-and Au(III)-complexes ranging from 0.1 to 5 mM (equivalent to 20 to 1000 ng g 21 or parts-per-billion (ppb)) were accurately quantified. When testing the ability of the biosensor to detect Au(I/III)-complexes (aq) in the presence of other metal ions (Ag(I), Cu(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn, As(III), Pb(II), Sb(III) or Bi(III)), cross-reactivity was observed, i.e. the amount of Au measured was either underor over-estimated. To assess if the biosensor would work with natural samples, soils with different physiochemical properties were spiked with Au-complexes. Subsequently, a selective extraction using 1 M thiosulfate was applied to extract the Au. The results showed that Au could be measured in these extracts with the same accuracy as ICP-MS (P,0.05). This demonstrates that by combining selective extraction with the biosensor system the concentration of Au can be accurately measured, down to a quantification limit of 20 ppb (0.1 mM) and a detection limit of 2 ppb (0.01 mM).
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