The typical course of the CNXII after emerging from the hypoglossal canal is medial to the internal jugular vein (IJV) and lateral to the carotid artery above the carotid bifurcation-a notably consistent relationship. 1 To our knowledge, a course of the CNXII lateral to the IJV has been reported in only 4 cases in the surgical literature. Anatomical dissection of 8 CNXIIs posterior to the internal jugular vein was published by Löwy in 1910. 2 This more exposed trajectory places the nerve at increased risk of injury and therefore is of particular interest to surgeons operating in the neck.
This is the first study documenting the rates of variation of the AA in Ireland. Variation of AA branching is of radiological and surgical significance, particularly in the diagnosis and treatment of thoracic and head and neck diseases. Awareness of these variations is particularly relevant for interventionalists who access these vessels during endovascular surgery.
The practical approach to integrating radiology into undergraduate musculoskeletal anatomy described here did not place strain on existing academic resources. Most students agreed that radiology should be increased in anatomy education and that learning to understand radiographs in anatomy was important for clinical practice.
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