Terrestrial ecosystems provide a variety of benefits for human life and production, and are a key link for achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). The basin ecosystem is one type of terrestrial ecosystem. Ecological security (ES) assessments are an important component of the overall strategy to achieve regional sustainable development. The Huaihe River Basin (HRB) has the common characteristics of most basins, such as high population density, a rapidly developing economy, and many environmental problems. This study constructed an ES evaluation system by applying a pressure-state-response framework as an assessment method for the sustainable development of basins. Taking the HRB as an example, this study determined the ES status of the region from 2001 to 2019 and analyzed crucial factors for any variation observed by combining remote sensing and climate data, relevant policies, and spatial information technology. The results highlight the importance of reserves and the negative impact of urban expansion on ES. Additionally, the enactment of policies had a positive impact on ES, whereas precipitation had a negative effect on ES in most areas of the HRB. Based on these results, the government should strengthen the protection of forests, grasslands, and wetlands and improve water conservation facilities. This study provides guidance for the subsequent economic development, environmental protection, and the achievements of SDG 15 in the HRB.
Urban black-odor water is a serious water environmental problem worldwide that seriously affects the living environment and the health of residents. The detection of black-odor water is a primary problem of centralized governance. Remote sensing is an effective means for water-quality monitoring. However, in most urban areas, with their complex underlying conditions, black-odor water always shows an uncertain distribution and small area. Furthermore, because of similar spectral characteristics, it is easily confused with dark objects such as asphalt roads, dark roofs, bridges, river levees and building shadows. In this paper, we propose a new black-odor water detection method, without shadow misjudgment, for complex urban conditions. A remote sensing image from the Chinese high-resolution satellite Gaofen-2 (GF-2) was used for detection. Using in situ water-quality measurement data for verification, the results showed that the proposed method achieved an accuracy of 85.7% while reducing the false alarm rate to 3.5%. Compared to four other existing methods, the proposed method proved to be more practical because it can reduce the false extraction of non-black-odor water to the greatest extent possible while ensuring accuracy. The method proposed in this paper has a good effect on the extraction of black-odor water in Nanjing City. Therefore, our method can be applied widely to screening and management of large-scale urban black-odor water and can provide reliable data for centralized treatment.
Objectives: To optimize parameters of contact lenses (CLs) and evaluate their ability to protect the cornea during vitreoretinal surgery. Methods: We compared the protective effects of balanced saline solution, viscoelastic agent, and CLs on rabbit corneas under conditions simulating vitreoretinal surgery. We evaluated CLs of different thicknesses and compared the protective effects of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and gas-permeable fluorosilicone acrylate (XO) lenses on the corneas of rabbits and patients with severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The corneal fluorescein staining score (FSS) was measured to compare the protective effects of CLs. Results: The FSS was significantly lower in the PMMA group than in the balanced saline solution and viscoelastic agent groups. The thickness of the PMMA lenses had no significant effect on the FSS. The FSS was significantly higher in the PMMA group than in the XO group. In patients with PDR, on day 1 after vitreoretinal surgery, the FSS was significantly higher in the PMMA group than in the XO group, although no significant difference was observed on postoperative day 7. Conclusion:The XO lens offers better corneal protection during noncontact wide-angle vitreoretinal surgery and protects the corneal epithelium more efficiently during vitrectomy in patients with PDR, irrespective of its thickness.
The excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers during agricultural production causes water pollution, which is an important type of non-point source pollution (NSP). Large amounts of harmful substances, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, flow into surface water along with farmland runoff, leading to eutrophication and other problems. However, the pollutant discharge capacity of different types of cultivated land varies greatly. Areas sensitive to NSP are areas with rich crop types, large spatial differences in crop growth, and complex planting patterns. These factors can cause different amounts of fertilizer used in and absorbed by the crops to influence the emission intensity of pollutants. NSP intensity mapping can reflect the spatial distribution of lands’ pollutant discharge capacity and it can provide a basis for pollution control. However, when estimating NSP intensity, existing methods generally treat cultivated land as a category and ignore how complex crop conditions impact pollution intensity. Remote sensing technology enables the classification and monitoring of ground objects, which can provide rich geographical data for NSP intensity mapping. In this study, we used a phenology–GPP (gross primary productivity) method to extract the spatial distribution of crops in the Yuecheng reservoir catchment area from Sentinel-2 remote sensing images and the overall accuracy reached 85%. Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) GPP data were used to simulate the spatial distribution of crop growth. Finally, a new model that is more suitable for farmland was obtained by combining this large amount of remote sensing data with existing mapping models. The findings from this study highlight the differences in spatial distributions between total nitrogen and total phosphorous; they also provide the means to improve NSP intensity estimations.
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