Facial symmetry has been proposed as a marker of developmental stability that may be important in human mate choice. Several studies have demonstrated positive relationships between facial symmetry and attractiveness. It was recently proposed that symmetry is not a primary cue to facial attractiveness, as symmetrical faces remain attractive even when presented as half faces (with no cues to symmetry). Facial sexual dimorphisms ('masculinity') have been suggested as a possible cue that may covary with symmetry in men following data on trait size/symmetry relationships in other species. Here, we use real and computer graphic male faces in order to demonstrate that (i) symmetric faces are more attractive, but not reliably more masculine than less symmetric faces and (ii) that symmetric faces possess characteristics that are attractive independent of symmetry, but that these characteristics remain at present undefined.

Objective To create a clinical consensus statement to address ambiguities and disparities in the diagnosis and management of nasal valve compromise (NVC). Methods An updated systematic review of the literature was conducted. In addition, a Modified Delphi Method was used to refine expert opinion and facilitate a consensus position. Results After two rounds of surveys and conference calls, thirty six items reached consensus, six items reached near consensus, and ten items reached no consensus. The categories that had the greatest percentage of consensus or near consensus items were: definition, history and physical examination, outcome measures, and management. Conversely, the categories with greater percentage of no consensus items were: adjunctive tests and coding. Conclusions The consensus panel agreed that NVC is a distinct clinical entity that is best evaluated with history and physical exam findings. Endoscopy and photography are useful but not routinely indicated, while radiographic studies are not useful in evaluating NVC. Other objective nasal outcome measures may not be useful or accepted for NVC. Nasal steroid medication is not useful for treating NVC in the absence of rhinitis, and mechanical treatments may be useful in selected patients. Surgical treatment is the primary mode of treatment of NVC, but bill coding remains ambiguous and confusing.

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