Rapid urbanization often leads to numerous ecological issues. Balancing development through urbanization and ecological resilience is crucial to the sustainable development of cities. Here, we combine remote sensing technology to assess urbanization and its effects on the environment from the perspective of resilience. We use the Guangdong Province China, as the study area, to build an urbanization and ecological resilience index, using a coupling coordination and relative development degree model to study the coupling coordination between the two from 2000 to 2020. The results show that (1) according to night light data the level of urbanization in Guangdong Province has increased rapidly. The Pearl River Delta metropolitan area, with Guangzhou and Shenzhen as the center, has bright lights, while the northern part of Guangdong presents many small scattered light pixels. (2) According to our indices, the level of ecological resilience in Guangdong Province has risen steadily. Maoming City has the highest level of ecological resilience in the province, followed by Jiangmen, Dongguan, Shenzhen, and Zhongshan City. (3) The coupling and coordination of urbanization and ecological resilience in Guangdong Province has been steadily improved. Qingyuan City and Shaoguan City have the highest coupling and coordination, while Zhongshan City has the largest increase in coupling and coordination. (4) The relative development of urbanization and ecological resilience in Guangdong Province has almost reached an ideal balance. (5) The model prediction results show that the coupling and coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment in Guangdong Province will likely improve from 2021 to 2025, but the overall improvement speed will be slow. The degree of urban coupling and coordination in most cities has continued this trend of growth, upgrading to a middling level of coordinated development level.
The internal integration, game, and sustainable development of Shenzhen Port play key roles in developing a synergy mechanism among Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area (GBA) ports. Using a logistics model, a parameter estimation and evolutionary analysis of Shenzhen Port were performed, revealing that it requires a new impetus to promote growth in its container throughput. Based on the population ecology theory, a two-population Lotka-Volterra model was used to discuss the activity and mutual effect between the western and eastern port areas of Shenzhen Port, quantitatively measuring the varying degrees of the hindering effects between them. To reduce competition and strengthen cooperation, a port game matrix with a punishment mechanism of governmental regulations was created to discuss the internal integration of Shenzhen Port. The results show that, along with the promoting effect of port cooperation on the increase in container throughput, there is a gradual increase in the punishment of speculative behaviours. Government-dominated port cooperation prevents the prisoner’s dilemma in the port activity process. The findings of this study provide quantitative data support and decision-making references for achieving resource complementarity, developing synergy mechanisms, and attaining sustainable development in Shenzhen Port.
The construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area requires the establishment of a comprehensive port cooperation mechanism. Coordination is key to port integration. This paper establishes a multi-group Lotka-Volterra model based on the theory of competition and cooperation to study the evolution of the relationships among Hong Kong Port, Shenzhen Port, and Guangzhou Port. The results show that the three major ports have predator-prey roles and form a symbiotic competition and cooperation ecological pattern. The extended Hotelling model is established to study the central ports’ spatial differences; the results show that whether it is the central port cooperation body or the entire central port group, the gains from Shenzhen Port-Guangzhou Port cooperation are greater than between either and Hong Kong Port for Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area’s container business. The biggest competitor to Hong Kong Port in the container business is Guangzhou Port. Hong Kong Port will gain more from cooperation with Shenzhen Port and should strengthen such cooperation. The study provides quantitative support and reference for positioning the strategic development of the high-end shipping business in Hong Kong Port, the pilot free-trade port in Shenzhen Port, and the exploration of the Shenzhen-Hong Kong composite port, Guangzhou Port’s comprehensive shipping hub.
The port groups of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area faces a new competitive and cooperative game structure concerning global competition, making it is necessary to build a comprehensive port coordination and development mechanism. In this study, we apply the logistics model to conduct parameter estimation and evolution trend analysis on the development of the port group and highlight that the current container throughput of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area port group will reach the maximum and the new impetus is needed to push it into the next round of development and evolution. Combined with the theory of ecological population, the Lotka–Volterra model of multiple groups is introduced to study competition and cooperation game, explore their interaction, and provide quantitative support for the formation of different central port groups in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. The study provides references for strengthening the construction of complementary resources and coordinated mechanism within the port group, realizing the differential development between ports in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.
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