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The review aimed to describe the role of radiations in treatment of breast cancer. The review also describe that which type of radiation is used to treat different stages of breast cancer i.e, metastatic stage, advance stage and early stage of breast cancer. The radiation therapy plays a significant role in the treatment of breast cancer. The treatment delivery methods are considerably changed in the recent decades. The concept of using radiotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer has remained equally important for oncologists throughout the years still research has been going on to make these radiotherapy sessions more and more convenient for the patients. The combination of breast conservation surgery an APBI can result in survival without having any other health related issues for other nearby organs. Recent findings have reported about incorporation of APBI into clinical usage. APBI should be used for patients with low risk of ductal carcinoma or in case of first stage of invasive ductal cancer which has prominent margins for the excision, and where the estrogen receptor positivity is clear. Radiation therapy is effectively used for the treatment and management of loco regionally advanced and distant metastatic disease. There is research going on to find most appropriate technique in which convenient and protected procedure is used for patients to avoid any side effects. New and advanced techniques are used to limit radiation related toxicity.

Background: The most effective prenatal care and successful births are always dependent on accurate gestational age estimation (GA). The gestational age play important role in biochemical tests interpretation. Objective: The study was carried out to find the ultra-sonographic measurements done to check the placental thickness. It is an important factor for the gestational age estimation. Study design: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at Al Nafees Medical College and Hospital, Islamabad for the duration of one year from June 2021 to May 2022. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 325 pregnant women that visited tertiary care unit for a period of one year. All women were fully aware of the study and written consent was taken from them. Results: the thickness of placenta found at different gestational age. From 15 to 39 weeks of gestation the data was collected and no. of cases having placental thickness were recorded. Maximum and minimum placental thickness in mm was measured and average was taken. The age range of the women was 18-36 years. The 26 years was the mean age. The statistical significance was found by SPSS tool Conclusions: In this study there was found a strong link between week of gestational age and thickness of placenta. Placental thickness along with other parameters were studied in each week by ultrasound and the results were analyzed. In case where the exact duration of pregnancy is unknown, placental thickness can give information about age of fetus and other features like intrauterine stunted growth. Keywords: Placental thickness and gestational age.

Background: To prevent controversy, the request forms were selected to use a method of convenience sampling and also included forms from both inpatient and outpatient different department. The aim of this study whether the different request forms that were submitted to the radiological department and notice that the patients having complete information in each form of different department of radiology. Study design: This was retrospective and descriptive study. The study was carried out at the department of Radiology, MTI Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan for six months duration from May 2022 to October 2022. Methods: The total participants request form were 300 which distribute, 85 forms in CT (computated tomography), 105 forms in MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and 110 forms in US (ultrasound image). The completeness of the data entered by the doctors was examined on the forms to avoid bias. Results: Our audit information indicate that to analysed 300 request forms were filled out just the name of patients as well as part of examination. The different category of request form included name, age, diagnosis diseases, relevant history and Dr. Name or contact number. Conclusion: The referring doctors managed to fail to fully and precisely fill out all of the disciplines. To recognize this system and communicate about how it may be done better, we suggest having discussions with radiologists and doctors from different departments. Keywords: Radiologists, Radiology request form, Adequate.

Necrotizing otitis externa (NOE) is an aggressive and fast‐evolving infection of the external auditory canal. Late diagnoses and untreated cases can lead to severe, even fatal consequences and so early diagnosis and treatment are paramount. NOE is a notoriously challenging diagnosis to make. It is therefore important to understand what diagnostic modalities are available and how otolaryngologists can use them to accurately treat such an aggressive disease. This review aims to evaluate the different diagnostic options available in NOE and discuss their advantages and limitations, thus, providing an up‐to‐date picture of the multimodal approach required in the diagnosis of this disease.