Objective: To evaluate the trends in respiratory support for very low birth weight infants. Study Design: Cohort study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Paediatric Medicine Unit-2, Balochistan Institute of Child Health Services Quetta from 1st January 2021 to 31st December 2021. Methodology: Five hundred participants were enrolled. Data regarding maternal clinical history, neonatal clinical data using standardized and was recorded on a well structures questionnaire. Risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia was considered as in those with discharge at 34-35 weeks without supplementation of oxygen required. Nitric oxide inhalation more than 4 hours’ addictive or contiguous was considered as treatment. Non intubated ventilation greater than four hours, continuous positive airway pressure through nose was delivered as respiratory support. Results: There were 74.7% male infants without bronchopulmonary dysplasia while 74.1% female infants were having bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The gestational age as mean in no bronchopulmonary dysplasia infants was 28±2.1 while it was 26±2.2 in bronchopulmonary dysplasia infants The mean birth weight was 1187±253 grams in without bronchopulmonary dysplasia infants whereas it was 891±246 grams in bronchopulmonary dysplasia infants. One and five minutes Apgar scoring increased in without bronchopulmonary dysplasia infants. Conclusion: Health improvement initiative programs and modern interventions should be formulated that highlights the use of non-invasive ventilation options to increase the quality of life and well-being of preterm neonates. Keywords: Low birth weight, Respiratory Distress, Quality of life, Mortalities

Aim: To determine the immunization status of children 0 to 2 years and factors leading to low vaccination status in children visiting tertiary care center. Study design: Cross-sectional study Place and duration of study: Department of Paediatrics Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore from 1st November 2019 to 31st April 2020. Methodology: Five hundred children age between 0-2 years were enrolled after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The mean age was 9.9±6.1 months, with mean weight of 7.4±3.4 kg and 200 (40%) were male and 300 (60%) were female patients. Sixty (12%) were not vaccinated, 145 (29%) partially vaccinated and 295 (59%) fully vaccinated. In the distribution by income level 255 (51%),180 (36%) and 65 (13%) parents were having low, middle and high income respectively; By education level,155 (31%) with no education, 140 (28%) some education and 205 (41%) with high education, regarding knowledge of immunization, 50 (10%) had no knowledge, 215 (43% )had wrong perception of immunization and 235 (47%) were fully aware.295 (59%) had up-to-date immunization Conclusion: More than half of the study populations were upto date about immunization status. It is also concluded that majority of parents of low-income level and uneducated were unknown about immunization status and majority of middle and high-income level and educated people were partial known or up-to-date about immunization status Keywords: Economical level, Educational level, Awareness level, Immunization status

Objective: To determine maternal anemia and its relationship with the nutritional status and low birth weight of a newborn. Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: Tertiary Care Hospital KPK Peshawar from 1st January 2022 to 30th June 2022. Methodology: Three hundred and eighty five individuals, aged between 18 to 45 years were enrolled. All patients with hemoglobin level <11 g/dl, low birth and normal were included. Patients with a history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus were excluded. Results: The maternal anemia was found in 39.37% while low birth weight was among 16.62% result was significant (P=0.00). Mothers taking a balanced diet and milk regularly were reported with normal hemoglobin. Low birth weight was reported in multigravida 28.3% and 20.25% in primigravida. The multiparous give birth to 29.09% low birth weight and patients taking a gap of less than 2 years have a low birth weight of a newborn and he results were significant at P=0.043. Conclusion: The maternal anemia can be a risk factor for the low birth weight of the newborn. Keywords: Maternal anemia, Nutrition, Newborn, Deficiencies, Low birth weight

Introduction: This study attempts to highlight the relation of various types ofcancers to abnormalities in liver and renal function tests. Objectives: Correlation of derangedrenal and liver function tests to different types of cancers in industrial workers who are exposed toindustrial chemicals and carcinogens. Patients and Methods: This non-interventional studyincluded 100 hundred confirmed cases of cancer were selected and studied from July 2011 toDecember 2011. The study was conducted at Fatima Memorial Hospital/College of Medicine &Dentistry, Lahore . Results: Out of these 100 patients, 21 had CA lung, 19 had lymphoma, 14 hadsarcoma, 13 had CA breast, 6 had CA prostate, 4 had CA liver, 3 had CA colon, 3 had CA ovary, 3had CA testis, 2 had leukemia, 2 had multiple myeloma, 2 had CA gall bladder, 2 had CA stomach,1 had CA esophagus, 1had CA tongue, 1had CA parotid, 1 had CA rectum, 1 had CA cervix and 1had CA larynx. Among lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma was more than Hodgkin lymphoma(out of 19 patients, 13 had non-Hodgkin and 6 had Hodgkin lymphoma). Out of 14 patients ofsarcomas, 5 had Ewing sarcoma, 4 had chondrosarcoma, 3 had fibrosarcoma and 2 hadliposarcoma. Similarly the serum bilirubin levels in liver cancer, ovarian cancer, multiplemyeloma, stomach and gall bladder cancer were 1.50±0.31, 1.17±0.10, 1.46±0.15 and1.40±0.50 mg% were 32.38±18.81, 37.73±4.35, 34.43±4.35, 45.00±46.17, 31.33±44.70,65.25±31.14, 33.67±80.90, 99.00±73.08, 50.00±98.49, 33.50±75.0, 36.50±85.0 and49.0±11.0 μ/l respectively which were statistically significantly higher (p<0.05) then controlindividuals. respectively which were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the control individualsSimilarly the ALT levels in lung cancer, lymphoma, sarcoma, breast cancer , prostate cancer, livercancer, leukemia, ovarian cancer, cancer of colon, multiple myeloma, cancer of testis andstomach. The mean serum creatinine levels in lung cancer, liver cancer and cancer of colon were0.89±0.05, 0.90±0.16 mg% respectively which were significantly higher than the controlindividuals (p<0.05). Conclusions: The renal and liver function tests should be frequentlymonitored in cancer patients from industrial back grounds.