The present study explores the nature of poverty by considering both consumption and multidimensional approaches and assesses the change in it due to variation in population subgroups and household characteristics in India between 2004-2005 and 2011-2012. We have developed a Multidimensional Poverty Index for India which has the advantage of being comparable with consumption poverty using National Sample Survey Organization data relating to the 'Level and Pattern of Consumer Expenditure' of the latest two rounds. Our analysis shows a significant reduction in consumption poverty as well as multidimensional poverty. Multidimensional poverty has reduced significantly for both consumption poor and non-poor but the reduction has not been uniform across subgroups and household characteristics. Satisfactorily, the reduction was faster among the poorer subgroups. Notwithstanding this trend, urban location, upper strata of social caste, literate head, self-or regular employment and higher level of benefits from Public Distribution System (PDS) have a favorable impact on the nature of poverty. The study strongly recommends the incorporation of the multidimensional approach along with the consumption approach to measure poverty which has high policy relevance.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a complex phenomenon that involves multiple dimensions of violence and multiple levels of risk factors. This study explores the incidence of IPV experienced by married women in India from a multidimensional perspective and assesses its change during 2005–2006 and 2015–2016 based on the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) unit-level data. A latent class analysis is used to address the degree of multidimensional IPV for identifying the distinct subgroups of women who experience different acts of IPV in India and to explore the multiple risk factors associated with it, which can inform prevention and intervention strategies to reduce its occurrence and impact. Our analysis shows that 39.5 million women were victims of at least one form of violence, of which 4.35 million were severe victims in 2015–2016. There has been a significant reduction in the share of victims of IPV, which was not uniform across different subgroups of women. The results of ordered logit regression reveal that educated couples and those women having decision-making power are less likely to experience higher degree of IPV, whereas the opposite scenario prevails for women who have the attitude of acceptance of violence and experience higher marital control by husband.
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