BackgroundThe purpose of the present work is to mask the intensely bitter taste of Itopride HCl and to formulate an Oro dispersible tablet (ODT) of the taste-masked drug by incorporation of microspheres in the tablets for use in specific populations viz. pediatrics, geriatrics and patients experiencing difficulty in swallowing.MethodsWith this objective in mind, microspheres loaded with Itopride HCl were prepared by solvent evaporation method using acetone as solvent for pH-sensitive polymer, Eudragit EPO and light liquid paraffin as the encapsulating medium. The prepared microspheres were characterized with regard to yield, drug content, flow properties, particle size and size distribution, surface features, in vitro drug release and taste. The ODTs so prepared from these microspheres were evaluated for hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, disintegration time, drug content, wetting time, water absorption ratio, moisture uptake, in vitro dispersion, in vitro disintegration, in vitro drug release and stability.ResultsThe average size of microspheres was found to be satisfactory in terms of the size and size distribution. Microspheres prepared were of a regular spherical shape. Comparison of the dissolution profiles of microspheres in different pH media showed that microspheres having drug: polymer ratio of 1:2 produced a retarding effect in simulated salivary fluid (pH 6.8) and were further used for formulation into ODTs after addition of suitable amounts of excipients such as superdisintegrant, diluent, sweetener and flavor of directly compressible grade.ConclusionsEffective taste-masking was achieved for Itopride HCl by way of preparation of microspheres and ODTs of acceptable characteristics.
This article explores the representation of female sexuality as depicted in the ayurvedic discourse of the early medieval period, and shows how this representation was a gendered one. Within this discourse, women were marginalized, if not altogether excluded. The woman's body, in health and pleasure, had no autonomy of expression and was dependent on the male guardian/physician for its manifestation. The only depiction of the female body framed within this male discourse is what was of significance to men. Thus, the only occasion when women's diseases are discussed is in the context of the uterus (grabhavyāpata) and genital tract (yonivyāpata), and the men's concern for it is not because of women's health per se, but because a healthy uterus was crucial for child-birth. This asymmetry between the concerns for men's and women's health is also reflected in dealing with the old age of the two sexes. The virilification therapy (vājikaraṇa) as discussed in ayurvedic texts focuses solely on men; in contrast, the woman's menopausal stage is completely ignored. An analysis of the ayurvedic discourse, thus, leads us to draw the conclusion that under patriarchy expropriation of female sexuality for the use of others defined the ‘sex woman’.
Ondansetron is a serotonin 5HT3 antagonist; anti-emetic drug. Bitter taste of the ondansetron is a major problem in ensuring patient compliance. The study was designed to formulate tasteless complexes of ondansetron with ion exchange resin and evaluate molecular properties of drug complex. The drug-loading process was carried out using various resins and was optimized using different drug:resin ratio and pH. Resinates were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). Indion 234 gave the best loading efficiency at drug resin ratio of 1:1.5. pH had no effect on drug loading. XRPD studies revealed that drug is in amorphous state in complex. The Infrared studies revealed complexation of secondary amine group of drug with carboxylic functional group of resin. Taste evaluation by using semiquantitative method found resonates as tasteless and agreeable. The release of drug from resinates in simulated gastric fluid was complete in 30 min. Thus, ion exchange resinates offer an effective tool for masking of bitterness and improve drug release.
In analysing prostitution, represented in classical Sanskrit literature, this article critiques the image of the prostitute as the perfidious whore whose sexuality threatened patriarchal structure as well as afeminist counter-discourse portraying her merely as a victim of patriarchal oppression. The case is made for treating prostitutes as social agents with relative autonomy, within patriarchy's parameters, to a large extent based on their conscious commodification of kāma to gain complete control over both artha and dharma, the other two ends of human life. It also takes into account the space for love and pleasure in the work of the prostitute.
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