Ricin is found in castor bean plant (Ricinus Communis) of the Euphorbeace family of plant kingdom. Ricin contributes 1-5 % of total dry weight of the castor bean and this variability was studied on seeds of different species of castor bean plant 1. Castor bean contains 40-60 % of castor oil by its weight. Castor beans are also widely differs in their moisture content, in size and weight on the cultivation basis (region, climate conditions and harvesting time for bean maturity) 2. Ricin is a unique proteinaceous toxin that listed as mid spectrum agent, i.e. biological warfare agent and chemical warfare convention. Ricin is a water soluble protein. In solid form, it may be crystalline or white powder. Ricin is highly stable at wide range of pH and at high temperature 3,4. Continuous boiling at 80 °C required to denature ricin in solution form for approximately 1 h 4. While in solid or crude form ricin denaturation required even higher temperature for long time duration. Ricin is a heterodimeric globular protein having molecular weight of 60-66 kDa. With two linked subunits, one of 32-kDa ricin toxin A chain (RTA) that works as ribosomal inactivating protein type II (RIP II; RTA-S-S-RTB) and another of 34-kDa ricin toxin B chain (RTB) which is galactose/ N-acetylgalactosamine-binding lectin. Both ricin chains are linked through a disulfide bond which located between the 259 residue on ricin A chain and 4 residue on ricin B chain 5 .
Sulfonamides are anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory agents used widely for the treatment of infections. The current research dealt with the synthesis of four sulfonamides formed by the reaction of p-toluenesulfonyl chloride with 4-amino phenyl acetic acid, 5-amino isophthalic acid, 4-piperidine carboxylic acid, and toluidine. The respective structures of sulfonamide drugs were verified by elemental analysis (CHNS), FT-IR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry. The elemental analysis (CHNS) data conformed to the proposed chemical composition of the products 1-4. The FT-IR spectra verified the formation of sulfonamide drugs. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of data in the range of 25-800oC showed that the evolved components and residues were in good agreement with the molecular skeletons of the products. The antibacterial potential of sulfonamide drugs was evaluated against bacterial strains using the disc diffusion method. The zones of inhibition were found to be larger against Escherichia coli as compared to Bacillus Subtilis. Cytotoxicity of products was in the acceptable range of 0.3-3.1%, as compared to triton X100. It indicates the safety of these products as future medicinal drugs for human beings.
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