Background and aims This study investigated the clinical manifestations, outcomes and long-term complications of COVID-19 inpatients in Bangladesh while emphasizing on individuals having diabetes. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted for a sample of COVID-19 inpatients across four different hospitals of Bangladesh between April 1st and June 30, 2020. Variation in clinical characteristics, contact history, comorbidities, treatment pattern, and long-term complications were investigated. Results There were 734 COVID-19 presentations in this study of which 19.8% of patients had diabetes and 76% of the COVID-19 patients were male. Among biochemical parameters, glucose, D-dimer, C- reactive protein (CRP) and Troponin levels were significantly elevated amidst the cohort with diabetes. The frequency of patients requiring insulin increased threefold during infection with SARS CoV2. A number of COVID-19 patients with diabetes have been suffering from long term complications post-recovery including pain, discomfort, memory loss and sleep disturbance. Conclusion Individuals with diabetes have experienced a severe manifestation of COVID-19 and post disease complications. Further in-depth studies focused on larger sample sizes are entailed to assess the relationships elaborately.
Background:Histological grading is an important diagnostic tool to predict the clinical and biological behaviour of cancer. Cervical lymph node metastasis indicate poor prognosis of oral cancer. Considering economical status of a third world country, Anneroth's grading system is less expensive, more informative than TNM staging and Broder's grading system. Anneroth's grading system also shows co-relationship with lymph node metastasis. So we are trying to evaluate the Anneroth's grading as a standard one among these three system.Objective:To study the grading of histological malignancy according to Anneroth's classification of biopsy specimens in relation to metastasis in the cervical lymph nodes and comparing the Anneroth's with the other two recognized classifications.Materials and Methods:Fifty(50) patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma was included in the study. Specimen of 35 non-metastatic tumors were compared with 15 metastatic cases. All of the patients were graded to TNM, Broder's and Anneroth's system. TNM is clinical assessment and Broder's is based on only differentiation of cells. On the other hand, six parameters of Anneroth's gives a detail about the morphology of the tumor, invasion criteria in the host tissue and show its correlation with lymph node metastasis. Scoring system of Annearoth's grading indicates demarcation points of worseness of tumor and signifies the possibility of lymph node metastasis.Results:Both Anneroth's(P=0.002) and Broder's grading(P=0.012) have been significant but Anneroth's one is more significant then Broder's.Conclusion:Anneroth's classification can be taken as a standerd diagnostic factor and predictive factor of lymph node metastasis.
BACKGROUND: Many patients with stage III colon adenocarcinoma do not receive adjuvant chemotherapy despite the proven survival advantage it offers. To enhance the provision of optimal cancer care, patient characteristics associated with not receiving guideline-adherent treatment must be identified among patients with operable, stage III colon adenocarcinoma. METHODS: This was a population-based, retrospective study of all patients who underwent surgery for stage III colon adenocarcinoma diagnosed from 2002 through 2005 in Alberta, Canada. Demographic and treatment information captured in the Alberta Cancer Registry were linked to: 1) hospital discharge data to determine comorbidities, 2) electronic medical records to identify consults with oncologists, and 3) the 2001 Canadian census for neighborhood-level socioeconomic data. Multivariate log-binomial regression models were used to identify patient characteristics that were associated with not having a consultation with a medical oncologist and not receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS: Of the 772 patients who underwent surgery for stage III colon adenocarcinoma and met the eligibility criteria, 618 patients (80%) had a consultation with an oncologist. Of those, 388 patients (63%) initiated adjuvant chemotherapy within 84 days of their surgery. Patient characteristics that were associated with not having a consultation with an oncologist were neighborhood income, geography, age, and comorbidities. Of those patients who had a consultation, after adjusting for comorbidities, only older age was related to not receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The current results indicated that the proportion of patients with stage III colon adenocarcinoma who did not receive treatment according to evidence-based guidelines was appreciable. The authors concluded that the association of this failure with patient age, geography, and income is concerning and that evaluation of referral patterns and interventions are needed. Cancer 2010;116:4849-56.
Neglected Tropical Diseases (WHO), Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional.
Although there has been considerable research conducted regarding the long-term effects of prenatal exposure to nicotine, there has been little examination of how this experience influences brain development. This study was designed to examine if there are morphological changes (dendritic branching, dendritic length, and spine density) in medial prefrontal cortex, orbital frontal cortex, parietal cortex, and nucleus accumbens associated with exposure to nicotine during gestation. Nicotine or saline was administered to pregnant Long Evans dams for the duration of pregnancy. Golgi-Cox techniques were used to examine neuroanatomy of offspring at postnatal day 21. The dendritic changes identified in rats exposed to nicotine prenatally resembled neuroanatomical changes that are identified in rats administered with nicotine in adulthood. Of the 18 anatomical parameters measured, 11 exhibited significant modification, with two parameters apical and basilar spine density in parietal cortex demonstrating sex-dependent modification. These early changes in anatomy and behavior have important implications for later plasticity and long-term well-being.
Radiation therapy can not only produce effects on targeted organs, but can also influence shielded bystander organs, such as the brain in targeted liver irradiation. The brain is sensitive to radiation exposure, and irradiation causes significant neuro-cognitive deficits, including deficits in attention, concentration, memory, and executive and visuospatial functions. The mechanisms of their occurrence are not understood, although they may be related to the bystander effects.We analyzed the induction, mechanisms, and behavioural repercussions of bystander effects in the brain upon liver irradiation in a well-established rat model.Here, we show for the first time that bystander effects occur in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus regions upon liver irradiation, where they manifest as altered gene expression and somewhat increased levels of γH2AX. We also report that bystander effects in the brain are associated with neuroanatomical and behavioural changes, and are more pronounced in females than in males.
This study investigated the effect of postnatal tactile stimulation (TS) on juvenile behavior, adult amphetamine (AMPH) sensitization, and the interaction of TS and AMPH on prefrontal cortical (PFC) thickness and striatum size. Pups received TS by stroking daily with a feather duster from birth till weaning and were tested, as juveniles, in behavioral tasks including open field locomotion, elevated maze, novel object recognition, and play fighting behavior. Development and persistence of drug-induced behavioral sensitization was tested by chronic AMPH administration and challenge, respectively. PFC thickness and striatum size were assessed from serial brain sections. The findings showed that TS rats spent less time with novel objects on first exposure but open field locomotion and elevated plus maze tasks were not affected substantially. TS reduced the frequency of play fighting and enhanced evasion in response to a playful attack, but only in males. The probability of complete rotation defense, leading to a supine posture during play, was reduced in both sexes. AMPH administration resulted in gradual increase in behavioral sensitization that persisted at least for 2 weeks. However, TS rats exhibited attenuated AMPH sensitization compared to sex-matched controls. Neuroanatomically, AMPH reduced the PFC thickness in control females but enlarged the posterior striatum in control males. TS experience blocked these effects. In summary, TS during development modulated the response to novel objects and altered social behaviors and attenuated AMPH-induced behavioral sensitization by preventing drug-induced structural alteration in the PFC and the striatum, brain regions implicated in drug abuse.
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