Groundwater contamination has become an environmental issue all around the world. The specific objective of the present study is to evaluate the risk assessment of groundwater for nitrate contamination and in addition to assess the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes in the semi-arid region. Thirty sample locations were identified based on the more active industrial and high-densified residential regions in the study area. To evaluate the drinking and irrigation fitness of groundwater by analysed water quality parameters such as pH, Electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, Total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, carbonate and bicarbonate. According to World Health Organization (WHO) 2011 and Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) 2012 standards, the GIS Spatial analysis of groundwater parameters was carried out to identify each parameter high contaminated regions in the study area. Multivariate statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and Pearson correlation matrix, was used to understand the relationship between water quality parameters. The Results show that 40% of samples are highly affected due to the high concentration of nitrate. The total non-carcinogenic health risks for male, women, and children are 40%, 50%, and 53.33%, respectively. It reveals that, children and women are at high risk than male in the study region. The major sources of contamination are discharges from the household, uncovered septic tanks, leachate from the waste dump, and excess utilization of fertilizers in the agriculture field.
The volcanic aquifer of Bilate river basin (BRB) that situated on the southwestern side of the MER serve as sole reservoir of water supply for urban and rural people found in the basin. This study investigates residence time and groundwater recharge process in the Bilate river basin. For the first time, this research work delivers information on the resident time and groundwater recharge on the basis of multi tracer approach (CFC’s, Cl, δ O and δD). The δ O and δD value of groundwater found in the range of -4.9 to -1.1‰ and -31 to 5.3‰, respectively. It is shown that stable isotopic value of groundwater drawn along or close to AAMWL and GMWL, indicates that groundwater recharge is of meteoric origin. The groundwater of BRB volcanic aquifer comprises substantial amount of CFCs concentration. It is observed from CFC data that the oldest component of groundwater was recharged prior 1950, while the younger component recharged in different time as of 1950. The relation found between CFC’s indicates that groundwater comprise mainly of binary mixture with young groundwater in the age of 20-25-year-old and that of groundwater older than 60 years. The fraction of young water in the groundwater ranges from 0.134 to 0.89 and shows decreasing trend from highland towards the rift. CFC-113 is conservative in the system and used to determine groundwater lifetime in the Bilate river basin that ranges from 26 to 63 years. The conservative chloride method i.e. chloride mass balance employed to Bilate river basin calculated yearly average groundwater recharge to be 219 mm/y which accounted for 21% of the mean annual areal rainfall. This research can help us better understand how groundwater circulation and recharge mechanism works, as well as how long groundwater stays underground in the complex hydrogeological setting of rift volcanic aquifer.
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