Objective: Ki-67 plays an important function in cell division, but its exact role is still unknown. Moreover, few works regarding its overall function were published. The present study evaluated the clinical significance of Ki-67 index as a prognostic marker and predictor of recurrence in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer. The relationship of Ki-67 index with different clinicopathological factors was also analyzed. Methods: Ki-67 index was measured in 107 cases of primary breast cancer from 2010-2012. These patients were evaluated for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2. Ki-67 was divided according to percentage levels: < 15% and > 15%. Followup ranged from 32 months up to 6 years.Results: Approximately 44, 23, 15, and 25 cases were grouped as luminal A, luminal B, HER2 subtype, and triple-negative (TN), respectively. No luminal A patients showed Ki-67 level higher than 15%, and their recurrence was 20%. In luminal B group, Ki-67 level higher than 15% was observed in 69% of patients, and recurrence was 39%. In HER2 subtype, Ki-67 was higher than 15% in 34% of cases, and recurrence was 40%. In triple-negative cases, Ki-67 was higher than 15% in 60% of cases, and recurrence was detected in 32% of patients. Patients with Ki-67 less than 15% displayed better overall survival than those with Ki-67 higher than 15% (P = 0.01). Patients with Ki-67 higher than 15% exhibited higher incidence of metastasis and recurrence than those with Ki-67 less than 15% (P = 0.000).Conclusions: Ki-67 may be considered as a valuable biomarker in breast cancer patients.

Background and aim: Breast cancer is the commonest malignant tumor and a common cause of cancer death in women all over the world. Some recent studies attributed breast cancer to viral infection. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of HCMV, EBV and HPV in invasive carcinoma of the breast among the Egyptian women by immunohistochemistry and whether there is a relationship between the prognostic factors of breast carcinoma and these viruses. Patients and methods: This retrospective study included 107 selected cases of invasive breast carcinoma. Slides cut from tissue microarray prepared blocks were stained immunohistochemically for HCMV, EBV and HPV antigens. The association of such viruses with the clinicopathological features, tumor recurrence and patient death was evaluated statistically. Result: HCMV, EBV and HPV were present in 43.9%, 10.3% and 24.3% of cases respectively. HCMV was associated significantly with the tumor grade, mitotic count (P = .01), IDC, ER, PR, Her2/neu and molecular subtype (P = .032, .002, .02, .005, .003) respectively. EBV was associated with the tumor size, stage and histological type (P = . 025, .005, .009) respectively. HPV wasn't associated with any of the clinicopathological characteristics. None of these viruses was associated with the tumor recurrence or patient death. Conclusion: HCMV and EBV might be contributing factors for the development and behavioural alteration of breast carcinoma, representing potential tools for the detection of specific therapies for this cancer. Further studies on a larger number of cases using other techniques such as CISH for specific typing of the viruses especially HPV can add more information.

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: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent type of primary cancer of the liver in adults represent about 80%-90% of all liver cancers. It is essential to differentiate primary HCC and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and metastatic carcinoma. Arginase-1 was considered as the most sensitive and specific marker of benign and malignant hepatocyte. This study aimed to detect the diagnostic role of immunohistochemical expression of arginase-1 in differentiating HCC From cholangiocarcinoma and metastatic carcinomas of the liver in comparison with hepatocyte paraffin antigen -1 (HepPar-1) and Glypican 3. : This is a retrospective study was performed on 117 cases, 77 cases were diagnosed as HCC, 13 cases as cholangiocarcinoma and 27 cases as metastatic carcinomas in the liver. Cases obtained from surgical pathology laboratory at Gastroenterology Center, Mansoura University, Egypt during the period from 2014 to 2017. All the studied cases were immunostained with Arginase 1, Heppar 1and Glypican 3.: Arginase 1 was expressed in all 77 HCC cases with sensitivity (100%), while Arginase 1 was expressed only in 1 cholangiocarcinoma case and negative in other metastatic carcinomas with specificity(97.5%), the overall accuracy was (99.1%). On the other side, Glypican 3 was expressed in 36 out of 77 HCC cases with sensitivity (46.8%), while Glypican 3 was expressed in 3 out of 40 cholangiocarcinoma and other metastatic carcinomas with specificity (92.3%), overall accuracy (62.4%). Heppar 1 was expressed in 69 out of 77 HCC cases with sensitivity (89.6%), while Heppar 1 was negative in all cholangiocarcinoma cases and other metastatic carcinomas with specificity (100%). The overall accuracy was 93.2%.: Arginase 1 is the most sensitive and accurate marker in differentiating HCC from non HCC cases in liver, while heppar is most specific and second accurate marker in differentiating HCC from cholangiocarcinoma and metastatic carcinomas in the liver. Arginase-1 and HepPar-1, are the best markers regarding sensitivity and specificity for small liver biopsies.

Background: Over the past decade there have been several attempt tries for molecular classification of CNS tumors, also to identify biological markers that reflect the degree of tumour malignancy. Such markers might assist in identifying tumors with a poor prognosis and application of new medical target therapy 2. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signalling has been shown to be a key regulator of glioma development. Clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of anti-PDGFRA therapies on gliomas are ongoing 31. Objectives: evaluation of PDG-FRA protein in adult astrocytoma as a new hope to use PDGFRA as biological prognostic marker and possibility of using anti PDGFRA as a target therapy in astrocytoma. Also we aimed to correlate expression of PDGFRA protein to p53 and cyclin D1 expression in astrocytoma. Material & Methods: well representative paraffin embedded blocks of 57 cases of adult astrocytoma (16 diffuse astrocytoma, 9 anaplastic astrocytoma, 28 cases were GBM, and 4 cases were gliosarcoma) were evaluated for PDGFRA protein, P53, Cyclin D1 expression. Correlation of level of expression of these proteins were correlated to clinicopathologic criteria was done Results: According to WHO, 16 Cases were grade II, 9 cases were grade III, while 32 had grade IV.