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Materials and MethodsEthical approval: All study procedures were approved by and in accordance with the rules of animal use and Veterinary World,

Regular updating of our knowledge on the epidemiological determinants of bovine fascioliasis is necessary to increase the awareness of the disease's significance and subsequently, improve the control measures. The objectives of this study were (1) to estimate the prevalence of bovine fascioliasis, and identify the association of epidemiological characteristics under traditional householders' production systems, (2) to describe the association between the clinical picture, Fasciola spp. egg count and hepatobiliary ultrasonography findings. In total, 270 faecal samples were examined microscopically for the presence or absence of Fasciola spp. egg, using the sedimentation-flotation method. Copro-positive animals were subjected to ultrasonographic examination. Overall prevalence of copro-positive animals was 27.4% (22.4-33.0%, 95% CI). The final multivariate analysis showed that there was a significant association between fascioliasis and animal species (P < 0.03), and administration of anthelmintic (P < 0.0001). Cattle have a less chance of being positive to Fasciola spp. by 0.55 (95% CI: 0.30 - 0.99) compared to water buffaloes. Administration of anthelmintic to animals on a regular basis decreased the risk of copro-positivity to Fasciola spp by 0.17 (95% CI: 0.07 - 0.36) compared to animals received anthelmintic on an irregular basis. Infected animals having different Fasciola spp. egg burden revealed different clinical symptoms associated with hepatobiliary changes on ultrasonographic examination ranged from normal hepatic parenchyma and bile system in low faecal egg load to hyperechogenic hepatic parenchyma, hyperechogenic with distal shadowing bile duct, and distended gallbladder in high faecal egg load of Fasciola spp. In conclusion, the prevalence of bovine fascioliasis is high under the traditional household's production system. Regular administration of anthelmintic significantly reduces the animal's chance of being copro-positive to Fasciola spp. Ultrasound poses a valuable prognostic technique for assessment of bovine fascioliasis.

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Diffuse peritonitis is a potential fatal inflammation and considered the important common leading cause of peritonitis-related death in ruminants worldwide. This study was designed to find suitable biomarkers aid in diagnosis and differentiation between different causes of diffuse peritonitis in buffaloes. Clinical and ultrasonographic examinations were applied as well as blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Based on necropsy findings, diffuse peritonitis was found to be of digestive origin (traumatic reticuloperitonitis-TRP or perforated abomasum/ intestine), or of non-digestive origin from ruptured uterus. Serum total protein (TP), globulins, Malondialdehyde and plasma fibrinogen were significantly increased in both digestive and nondigestive origins. Meanwhile, serum pepsinogen was significantly elevated in diffuse peritonitis associated with perforated abomasum and intestine. Serum haptoglobin (Hp) showed a highly significant increase in TRP rather than other groups. On the other hand, nitric oxide (NO) and catalase showed non-significant changes in all groups of diffuse peritonitis in buffaloes. In conclusion, our results suggested that Hp and pepsinogen could enable the veterinarians for better diagnosis of the different causes of diffuse peritonitis in buffaloes. HIGHLIGHTSThe current study suggested that Hp and pepsinogen could be a diagnostic markers for the differentiation between different causes of diffuse peritonitis in buffaloes, while, NO and CAT were of no value. However estimation of Fb, globulins, Tp and MDA help in the diagnosis of diffuse peritonitis but it cannot help in the differentiation between different causes of diffuse peritonitis in buffaloes. ARTICLE HISTORY

Aim: This study was designed for the 1st time to describe the normal head structures of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) using both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) as well as cross-sectional anatomy. Materials and Methods: Five fresh cadaver heads were collected from clinically normal camels and then subjected to T1-weighted MR and CT imaging. Afterward, these examined heads were transversely sliced to obtain seven crossing levels. Results: The obtained structures per each crossing level were matched with their relevant sorted images of T1-weighted MRI and CT, then identified and labeled accordingly. Conclusion: The data shown herein expand our knowledge of the normal head structures of the camel and could be used as a reference for ultimate diagnosis of the surgical affections of head using MRI and/or CT.