Manganese oxide (MnO) NPs are widely used in contaminant sensing, drug delivery, data storage, catalysis and biomedical imaging. Green synthesis of NPs is important due to increased concern of environmental pollution. Green chemistry based synthesis of NPs is preferred due to its ecofriendly nature. In this study, MnO NPs of different sizes were synthesized in aqueous medium using clove, i.e., Syzygium aromaticum extract (CE) as reducing and stabilizing agents. These NPs were used for the electrochemical sensing of p-nitrophenol (PNP). The synthesis of MnO NPs was over in 30 min. MnO NPs of different sizes were obtained by varying metal ion concentration, metal ion volume ratio, CE concentration, CE volume ratio, and incubation temperature. Selectively, *4 nm MnO NPs were used for electrochemical sensing of paranitrophenol. The MnO NPs modified gold electrodes detected PNP with good sensitivity, 0.16 lA lM -1 cm 2 . The limit of PNP detection was 15.65 lM. The MnO NPs prepared using CE based green chemistry approach is useful for PNP sensing. These NPs can also be useful for various in vivo applications in which the NPs come in human contact.

BACKGROUNDComparing the operative duration and the pain scores in patients undergoing Single Port Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (SPLC) vs. multiple port laparoscopic cholecystectomy (MPLC). MATERIALS AND METHODSIn this comparative randomised study, 100 patients diagnosed as having gall stones, who fit into the inclusion criteria; 50 patients were included in the single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SPLC) Group and 50 Multiple Port Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (MPLC) Group. RESULTSOut of 50 patients operated by SPLC, 13 were males and 37 were females with mean age of 38.62±12.56 years. In the MPLC group distribution was 9 males and 41 females in a total of 50 patients and the mean age was 37.86±11.31 years. Mean operative time in SPLC group was significantly higher than the MPLC group. Mean VAS pain score at 12, 24, 36 and 48 hrs. was significantly lower in SPLC group as compared to MPLC group; which was significant at all times. Mean NRS pain score at 12, 24, 36 and 48 hrs. was lower in SPLC group as compared to MPLC group; which was significant at 24 and 48 hrs., but not significant at 12 and 36 hrs. Mean VDS pain score at 12, 24, 36 and 48 hrs. was significantly lower in SPLC group as compared to MPLC group, which was significant at all times. Mean FPS pain score at 12, 24, 36 and 48 hrs. was lower in SPLC group as compared to MPLC group, which was significant at 12, 24 and 36 hrs. but not significant at 48 hrs. CONCLUSIONIn early post-operative hours, VAS and VDS scores were lower in SPLC than MPLC which was significant all the time, but NRS and FPS scores were not significant in all the early hours in spite of higher operative time in SPLC.

BACKGROUND Ultrasound has become the essential tool of modern obstetric practice as it is non-invasive, safe and radiation free. IUGR is defined as the pathologic inhibition of intrauterine foetal growth and the failure of the foetus to achieve its growth potential. Over the last decade, two different patterns of IUGR has been characterised on the basis of gestational age of onset. IUGR has a different phenotypic expression, evolution and outcome when it starts early in gestation called early-onset IUGR and it is different when it starts late in gestation known as late-onset IUGR. Early diagnosis and timely management decisions are the cornerstones for optimum outcome in these cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study collected from 152 pregnant women with IUGR foetuses, attending/ referred to Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College and Hospital, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh. The gray scale and colour Doppler sonography was routinely performed in all these IUGR pregnancies. Subsequently, the results were statistically analysed to find the association between different colour Doppler and gray scale parameters and time of onset of IUGR. RESULTS Abnormality in placenta, increased FL/AC ratio, increased S/D ratio and PI of umbilical artery, decreased S/D ratio and PI of middle cerebral artery and increased mean PI of uterine artery were more strongly associated with early-onset IUGR, while oligohydramnios was more strongly associated with late-onset IUGR. Low lying placenta, increased HC/AC ratio, decreased cerebroplacental ratio (CPR), increased S/D ratio of uterine artery, umbilical vein pulsation and increased PI of ductus venosus were equally associated with both early-and late-onset IUGR. CONCLUSION With the help of non-invasive, single study, sonographic gray scale and colour Doppler parameters, we can diagnose both types of IUGR, but most of the parameters were found to be more commonly associated with early-onset IUGR. So, we can use them to predict IUGR at an early stage and act accordingly for better perinatal outcome.