We report the isolation, purification, genome-sequencing and characterization of a picorna-like virus from dead bees in Israel. Sequence analysis indicated that IAPV (Israeli acute paralysis virus) is a distinct dicistrovirus. It is most homologous to Kashmir bee virus and acute bee paralysis virus. The virus carries a 9487 nt RNA genome in positive orientation, with two open reading frames separated by an intergenic region, and its coat comprises four major proteins, the sizes of which suggest alternate processing of the polyprotein. IAPV virions also carry shorter, defective-interfering (DI)-like RNAs. Some of these RNAs are recombinants of different segments of IAPV RNA, some are recombinants of IAPV RNA and RNA from another dicistrovirus, and yet others are recombinants of IAPV and non-viral RNAs. In several of the DI-like RNAs, a sense-oriented fragment has recombined with its complement, forming hairpins and stem-loop structures. In previous reports, we have shown that potyviral and IAPV sequences are integrated into the genome of their respective hosts. The dynamics of information exchange between virus and host and the possible resistance-engendering mechanisms are discussed.
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Citizenship revocation has recently resurfaced as a source of political and legal debate in many democratic countries. While some countries have rejected the practice mainly on constitutional grounds, others have amended their laws to make it easier for the state to revoke the citizenship of both naturalized and born citizens. Proponents of the practice view it as an administrative measure and a necessary means for defending vital state interests, while opponents view it as a fundamental violation of basic civil and human rights. Countering both positions, the article offers a justification for citizenship revocation under highly limited conditions. It shows why citizenship revocation can and can only be justified as a punitive (rather than administrative) measure in response to a fundamental breach of the duty of citizens as members of an egalitarian, free, and deliberative polity and only as long the revocation of citizenship does not leave them stateless.
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