Flogging is one of the most widely-used corporal punishments in Islamic penology. Most countries that practice Islamic criminal law use flogging to punish a variety of crimes and offenses. Saudi Arabia is one of the countries that use flogging to punish various crimes and has faced immense backlash from the international community for gross violation of human rights. The goal of this article is to investigate the implementation of flogging as a punishment in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, it also examines how international human rights law has contributed to limiting flogging as a form of criminal punishment. This study has critically analysed several human rights documents in order to understand how flogging is viewed under international human rights law if compared to the position under the Shari‘ah. Focus on the implementation of flogging in Saudi Arabia is made in particular. In addition, it is found that the application of flogging in Saudi Arabia is overused and is uncodified. Hence, the article signifies the necessity of codifying Islamic law to ensure fair legal procedures. Interestingly, a recent announcement that abolishes flogging as a common form of punishment, indicates the willingness of the kingdom to implement judicial reforms, thereby creating a ray of hope in the form of amendment of laws.

While Industrial Revolution 4.0 is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies which includes cyber-physical systems, the internet, cloud computing and cognitive computing, Education 4.0 is a response to the needs of it where human and technology are coordinating together to empower new opportunities. This article examines the parties affected by Industrial Revolution 4.0 in relation to preparation needed for them to survive, with reference to Malaysia perspective. Moving forward, this article analyses whether VARK learning style is an appropriate model to measure skills and competencies of learners in an effort to match of what Industrial Revolution 4.0 has to offer. This qualitative research utilizes secondary data gained from scientific database analysis and library research including documents on Industrial Revolution 4.0, Education 4.0 & VARK model. These data were analysed. The study reveals that employees & administrators, generation z as well as educators are relevant learners in the preparation of Industrial Revolution 4.0. Further, VARK learning style is proven ineffective due to imperfect research on such model, combined with the hurdles to implement it in real-life situation and subject to mistakes and oversights in their judgement. This article concludes by stressing the need for policymaker to explore new teaching strategies and evaluate their effectiveness to ensure the learners are prepared to embrace changes and reduce a potential threat of technological unemployment.

PushPamalar Govindaraju, mohd rizal abd rahman & shahrul mizan ismail ABSTRAK Keganasan atau terrorisme merupakan satu masalah antarabangsa dan tidak semestinya bersifat tempatan. Perkara ini dapat disaksikan melalui serangan-serangan pengganas yang sering berlaku di mana-mana dan pada bila-bila masa dengan pelbagai metod atau strategi baru berikutan kemajuan pesat bidang sains dan teknologi. Bagaimanakah dunia mampu menghadapi dan menangani serangan pengganas yang makin canggih dan mencabar ini? Salah satu caranya adalah dengan meneliti asal usul keganasan dan perkembangannya sehingga kontemporari. Kajian ini terlebih dahulu mencadangkan lima ciri-ciri penting dalam mentafsirkan keganasan. Corak keganasan pula dibahagikan kepada dua iaitu kerajaan intimidasi dan intimidasi ke atas kerajaan. Kelima-lima ciri keganasan digunakan untuk menganalisis modus operandi keganasan bagi mengenal pasti perubahan corak keganasan mengikut zaman. Perbandingan antara ciri-ciri keganasan yang bercorak intimidasi ke atas kerajaan semasa Keganasan Lama dan Keganasan Baru dibuat bagi mengenalpasti perbezaan yang wujud dari segi intipatinya. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah sosio-perundangan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil kajian mendapati corak keganasan berubah mengikut zaman tetapi bersifat berulang. Manakala, kelima-lima ciri keganasan adalah sama sepanjang masa tetapi intipatinya berbeza mengikut kemajuan sains dan teknologi sehingga kemunculan Keganasan Baru. Dapatan ini adalah penting bagi membolehkan sesebuah negara dan juga pertubuhan antarabangsa untuk mengemaskinikan dasar-dasar dan langkahlangkah yang sedia ada mengikut kesesuaian corak keganasan masa kini. Kajian lanjut diperlukan dalam bidang ini bagi mengenal pasti dasar-dasar dan langkah-langkah pembanterasan keganasan yang sesuai dan lebih efektif di peringkat domestik dan juga antarabangsa yang sejajar dengan era globalisasi.

Tindakan sivil adalah pertikaian undang-undang dan pertikaian fakta antara dua atau lebih pihak yang menuntut remedi bagi kecederaan atau kerosakan yang disebabkan oleh perbuatan salah pihak lain. Tindakan sivil bertujuan untuk menuntut bayaran pampasan kepada Plaintif atau pihak yang tercedera atau rugi. Menurut Aturan 5 Kaedah 1 Kaedah-Kaedah Mahkamah 2012, bagi memulakan prosiding, ia hendaklah dimulakan sama ada melalui Saman Pemula atau Writ. Prosiding yang dalamnya wujud suatu pertikaian fakta yang serius yang mungkin berbangkit hendaklah dimulakan dengan Writ. Manakala prosiding yang suatu permohonan akan dibuat kepada Mahkamah atau seorang Hakim di bawah mana-mana undang-undang bertulis hendaklah dimulakan melalui Saman Pemula. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk meninjau kes-kes lima tahun ke belakang bagi mengetahui perkembangan-perkembangan terkini berkaitan dengan penghakiman mahkamah bagi kaedah-kaedah memulakan tindakan sivil. Kajian ini dijalankan secara kualitatif, iaitu melibatkan penganalisisan data dengan meninjau kes-kes terkini. Daripada analisis kes-kes yang dibuat, terdapat tiga perkembangan utama yang dikenal pasti iaitu Mahkamah menerima penukaran kaedah memulakan tindakan sivil apabila tidak ada ketidakadilan yang menjadi prejudis terhadap pihak-pihak di dalam kes, Mahkamah menolak permohonan penukaran kaedah memulakan tindakan sivil tanpa alasan kukuh dan Mahkamah lebih mudah membenarkan penukaran kaedah tindakan sivil apabila melibatkan hartanah. Oleh itu, artikel ini akan menghuraikan dengan terperinci mengenai pendefinisian tindakan sivil, Kaedah-Kaedah Mahkamah yang akan diguna pakai dan perkembangan terkini penghakiman Mahkamah terhadap kes-kes yang melibatkan kaedah-kaedah memulakan tindakan sivil.

Clinical studies have demonstrated many therapeutic benefits of cannabis, which has been used for medicinal purposes for over 6000 years. Despite its curative properties and therapeutic advantages, Muslim-majority countries impose strict regulations due to the stigma attached to cannabis use as a medicine associated with its use as a medicine. The majority of Muslim nations forbid the use of cannabis for either recreational or therapeutic purposes and impose punishments such as imprisonment or death sentences. However, history shows that cannabis was used as a medicine in the past by Muslim scientists. Therefore, this article intends to examine the practice of Muslim scientists in using cannabis for medicinal purposes. In achieving the objective, the researchers use a qualitative method by analysing previous literature using content analysis. Findings showed that cannabis is used as a medicine for various types of illness by Muslim scientists. It is important to note that a review of pertinent scientific materials provides support for the traditional use of medical cannabis practised by Muslim medical professionals. Hopefully, this article will enlighten readers' knowledge on this topic, especially among Muslims, to correct any misconceptions and misapprehensions surrounding cannabis. It is suggested that Muslim countries embark on more research on cannabis' therapeutic benefits.