The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein plays a vital role in binding and internalization through the alpha-helix (AH) of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). Thus, it is a potential target for designing and developing antiviral agents. Inhibition of RBD activity of the S protein may be achieved by blocking RBD interaction with hACE2. In this context, inhibitors with large contact surface area are preferable as they can form a potentially stable complex with RBD of S protein and would not allow RBD to come in contact with hACE2. Peptides represent excellent features as potential anti-RBD agents due to better efficacy, safety, and tolerability in humans compared to that of small molecules. The present study has selected 645 antiviral peptides known to inhibit various viruses and computationally screened them against the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 S protein. In primary screening, 27 out of 645 peptides exhibited higher affinity for the RBD of S protein compared to that of AH of the hACE2 receptor. Subsequently, AVP1795 appeared as the most promising candidate that could inhibit hACE2 recognition by SARS-CoV 2 as was predicted by the molecular dynamics simulation. The critical residues in RBD found for protein-peptide interactions are TYR 489, GLY 485, TYR 505, and GLU 484. Peptide-protein interactions were substantially influenced by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. This comprehensive computational screening may provide a guideline to design the most effective peptides targeting the spike protein, which could be studied further in vitro and in vivo for assessing their anti-SARS CoV-2 activity.
It is considered that cow's milk is almost complete food for human as it provides most of the micronutrients and macronutrients. The cow's milks are essential for the growth and development especially for children. The main compositions of cow's milk are protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals which are well defined. Presently, the study of micronutrients and toxic elements in cow's milk has been widely carried out particularly in the industrialized and polluted regions because of its possibility of contamination, and thereby health risk of the consumers. The elemental composition in local cow's milk samples in Bangladesh is not well studied yet. The present study was therefore aimed to determine the level of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe) in cow's milk using EDXRF technique. Subsequently, the experimental data was used to calculate the human health risk through the intake of both powder and liquid cows’ milk available in Bangladesh. The results showed that powder milk contains significantly higher concentration of heavy metals than liquid milk samples. The HRI (health risk index) and HI (hazard index) values for most of the elements in all milk samples were within the safe limit (<1.0) or close to safe limit (≤1.0) with an exception of Hg. However, HRI value for Hg in powder milk samples for both children and adult showed a value higher than one (>1). MPI (metal pollution index) value for powder milk samples are very high compared to other type of milk samples analyzed in this study. Therefore, it has been suggested that heavy metal contamination through local powder milk samples might have significant negative impact (threat) on human health.
Background: Inferior wall ST segment elevation myocardial infarction is considered to be at lower risk than anterior wall STEMI except in some cases. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationships between on admission ST segment changes in lead aVR and short term in-hospital outcomes in acute isolated inferior myocardial infarction undergoing thrombolysis. Methods: Total 107 of first attack of inferior STEMI patients were included and all were thrombolysed by streptokinase. The sample population were divided into three groups based on the condition of ST segment in lead aVR on admission and in hospital outcomes were observed: Group –A: ST segment elevation ≥0.5 mm; Group –B: ST segment depression ≥0.5 mm; Group-C: Iso-electric ST segment. Results: 6.54% of study population had ST segment elevation in lead aVR, 53.27% had ST segment depression in lead aVR and 41.12% had isoelectric ST segment in lead aVR. During hospital stay mortality rates of patients of Group A, Group B and Group C were 33.3%, 5.3% and 4.5 % respectively; rates of cardiogenic shock were 33.3%, 8.8% and 2.3% respectively; heart failure rates were 50.0%, 15.8% and 4.5% respectively; rates of recurrent angina after thrombolysis were 66.7%, 33.3% and 6.8% respectively in three groups and the mean LVEF were 40.17, 48.61 and 52.50 respectively. Conclusion: The on admission-isoelectric ST segment in lead aVR in acute inferior myocardial infarction predicted better in-hospital outcomes in comparison to ST segment elevation and ST segment depression in aVR. On the other hand, ST segment elevation in lead aVR predicted worse in-hospital outcomes than ST segment depression in acute inferior myocardial infarction in spite of reperfusion by thrombolytic. Cardiovasc. j. 2019; 11(2): 123-128
Background: One of the most effective and used (in our settings) methods of reperfusion of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is administration of streptokinase (SK) infusion. This study was conducted with the aim to compare ST segment resolution between diabetic and non-diabetic patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction after thrombolysis by streptokinase. Methods: A total of 100 patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction with or without diabetes mellitus were studied from December 2016 to November 2017. Among these half of patients were diabetic while rests were non-diabetic. Streptokinase was administered to all patients. Resolution (reduction) of elevated ST segment was evaluated after 90 min of streptokinase administration. Results: Failed reperfusion (<30% ST resolution) was significantly higher in diabetic as compared to nondiabetic patients (42% vs. 12%, p <0.001). In hospital complications were more in diabetic patients who has failed reperfusion following streptokinase thrombolysis. Cardiogenic shock occurred in 44% and acute LVF in 30% patients and EF (46.54%) was significantly lower in diabetic patients and higher number of diabetic patients had prolong hospital stay than non-diabetic patients with STEMI. Conclusion: The outcome of thrombolytic therapy is adversely affected by diabetes mellitus in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc. j. 2019; 11(2): 118-122
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