<p>The present study performed Incremental Dynamic Analysis on a case study Cross-laminated timber (CLT) platform building. The building was designed for the seismic modification factors of Rd=2.0 and Ro=1.5 for the soil Class C in Vancouver, BC, Canada. A 2D non-linear finite element model was developed in OpenSees. CLT panels were modelled as orthotropic elastic shell elements and the connections were modelled as non-linear springs that account for both uplift and shear deformation. The connections and wall parameters for hysteresis models were calibrated from test results. The seismic performance of the building was evaluated using the 22 bi-axial ground motions. The seismic demand was recorded in terms of inter-storey drift ratio. The results indicated that the case study CLT platform building has a sufficient factor of safety against collapse (Collapse Margin Ratio of 3.1) under a Maximum Credible Earthquake.</p>
With the enormous population growth in the last few decades, there is a demand for infrastructure development and rapid urbanization that result in the depletion of natural resources, emission of greenhouse gases, and subsequently, exacerbation of the climate crisis. Moreover, waste materials generated by different industries such as the construction industry end up by burning or dumping them in landfills further posing serious health hazards. Besides, skyrocketing prices of housing and limited income of major population groups have resulted in the housing crisis. Therefore, it is imperative to find low-cost, environment friendly and sustainable solutions to mitigate aforementioned problems. The literature indicates that the modular construction method could be a viable solution that can reduce waste generation and construction costs. This method has been extensively used in many parts of the world in different applications mostly in the construction of low-rise buildings. However, with the advent of technological advancement in the construction industry, studies have shown that modular construction can also be successfully employed for medium and high-rise buildings. This paper presents a holistic review of the existing literature on the development of modular wall panels to foster sustainability and alleviate the housing gap. To this end, a proactive approach has been undertaken to identify key research areas to study the use of waste materials in the development of modular wall panels. The results of the literature review revealed that modular wall panels have the potential to substantially reduce the construction cost and carbon footprint. The barriers to the growth of modular construction were also discussed in this paper.
<p>An analytical approach is made to show the performance of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) columns with varying design parameters and to compare these with natural aggregate concrete (NAC) columns. The design parameters taken into consideration include concrete compressive strength, steel yield strength, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, and applied axial load. These factors were considered for two different aspect ratios which ensure flexural failure behaviour of column. A two-level factorial analysis was performed, and the columns were modelled and analysed using SeismoStruct, a finite element analysis software. The observed responses include: base shear capacity and displacement at first cracking; first yielding of steel; first crushing of concrete; and the ductility of the column. The pushover analysis was used to determine the performance of each column and statistical software R was used for the analysis of variance (ANOVA), which determines the percent contribution of each design parameter and their interactions on various performance criteria. The analysis shows that, RAC columns perform with improved ductility compared to NAC column.</p>
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