The lentil weevil, Bruchus lentis Frӧlich, (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) is the most serious pest of lentil in Iran. Economic losses due to this pest reach up to 40% of the lentil crop. Over a two-year study (2012 and 2013) in Agricultural Research Station of Gachsaran Region, best timing of chemical control of B. lentis was determined. A field experiment with cultivation of lentil Sina variety Lens culinaris Medik was conducted in a randomized complete block design with five treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of spraying four times (respectively, during the early flowering, 10 days after the first spraying, 10 days after the second spraying; 10 days after the third spraying) and control (without spraying). For the spraying from Endosulfan insecticide EC50% at ratio one liter per hectare was used. Three samples were taken from the pods and totally 150 pods from each replicate for contaminations of seeds were investigated. After the determination of the percent of seeds contamination, results were statistically analysed. Based on the results obtained, first spray treatment, with the mean contamination of 15.45% and second spray treatment with the mean contamination of 12.25% had the highest impact on reducing contamination lentil seeds to B. lentis and between them there was no statistically significant difference and were in one group. Therefore, spraying one time during the early flowering until 15 days after it was the best time to control of B. lentis.
Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) is a primary parasite of the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.); both species are widely distributed throughout the world. In this research, the efficacy of imidacloprid and five entomopathogenic fungi: Acremonium sclerotigenum, Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces variotii, Simplicillium sp. and Lecanicillium muscarium, against cabbage aphid and its parasitoid was evaluated. Concentration-mortality and time-mortality data were subjected to Probit analyses to estimate LC 50 (lethal concentration) and LT 50 (lethal time) values for each isolate and imidacloprid for adults of B. brassicae and D. rapae. The LC 50 values for A. sclerotigenum, B. bassiana, P. variotii, Simplicillium sp., L. muscarium and imidacloprid were 2.7 × 10 3 , 3.7 × 10 3 , 8.1 × 10 6 , 4.7 × 10 5 and 2.5 × 10 3 conidia ml-1 and 13.56 ppm, respectively. Cumulative mortality of B. brassicae and D. rapae 7 days after treatments was 98.56% and 99.99% by L. muscarium at high concentration (10 8 conidia ml-1), respectively. The highest mortality of B. brassicae and D. rapae after 48 and 72 hours was observed in combinations of sublethal mixed treatments: LC 25 (imidacloprid + A. sclerotigenum), LC 25 (imidacloprid + B. bassiana), LC 25 (imidacloprid + L. muscarium), and LC 25 (imidacloprid + A. sclerotigenum), LC 25 (imidacloprid + B. bassiana), LC 25 (imidacloprid + P. variotii), LC 25 (imidacloprid + Simplicillium sp.), LC 25 (imidacloprid + L. muscarium), respectively. The LT 50 values for B. brassicae and D. rapae at concentration 10 8 conidia ml-1 were obtained 0.26 and 2.16 days by A. sclerotigenum, and 7.4 and 6.22 days-by P. variotii isolate, respectively. This study showed that imidacloprid had harmful effect on the pest and parasitoid; however, fungal isolates were safer than imidacloprid to the parasitoid. The results of this study show that entomopathogenic fungi can be effectively used alone and mixed with sublethal concentration (LC 25 = 9.23 ppm) of imidacloprid in integrated pest management of B. brassicae.
Antifeedant activity of plant extract from Mentha piperita was tested against the cowpea seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus. Dry ground plant was subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The resulting oil contained menthone (28.9%), menthol (28.5%), and pulegone (6.9%) as the major compounds. LC50 of M. piperita essential oil was 25.70 μL/L air and mortality increased as the doses of essential oil increased. LT50 values were 3.29, 2.74 and 1.89 h at 100, 200 and 500 μL/L air, respectively. The results of persistence test of oil revealed that essential oil of M. piperita on C. maculatus adults was 5.44 days. It was clear from the repellency index that M. piperita essential oil has strong repellency at 90, 180 and 360 μL/L air concentration. The results showed that M. piperita essential oil has significantly affected the relative growth rate, relative consumption rate and feeding deterrence index of C. maculatus adults and it was concentration-dependent. The efficiency of conversion of ingested food has decreased while the concentrations are not statistically different at 5% level compared to the control group. It seems that essential oil can be used as low-risk insecticides.
A new species of the genus Raphignathus, R. kurdistaniensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on females collected from soil under oak trees in Baneh, Kurdistan province, Iran. A key to all known species of the genus Raphignathus is given.
The Safflower capsule fly (SCF), Acanthiophilus helianthi Rossi (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the most destructive insect pest attacking the Safflower Carthamus tinctorius L. plant which are cultivated as an oil crop. It is mainly controlled through application of broad-spectrum insecticides, which can adversely affect safflower farms ecosystem and consequently human health. Since a first step in setting up an integrated pest management program is to assess the biological control agents within the ecosystem. Therefore, in this research work the pupal parasitoids of Safflower capsule fly a main insect pest attacking Safflower plants were identified. The impact of these parasitoids against this pest was evaluated on the varying pest generations and within different locations in Kohgiluyeh province during [2008][2009] seasons. Pupal parasitoid adults of SCF were recorded from fieldreared pupae, which had been collected from heavily infested small flower heads of the first generation as well from large flower heads of the second and third generations. Rate of parasitism on A. helianthi pupae was estimated as the number of parasitoids over the total count of parasitoids and flies. Ten hymenopterous species belonging to different families parasitizing insect pupae were screened as follows: Bracon hebetor (Spinola, 1808) and Bracon luteator (Spinola, 1808) (Braconidae); Isocolus tinctorious (Melika and Gharaei, 2006) (Cynipidae); Pronotalia carlinarum (Szelenyi and Erdos, 1951) (Eulophidae); Eurytoma acroptilae (Zerova, 1986) (Eurytomidae); Ormyrus orientalis (Walker, 1871) (Ormyridae); Colotrechnus viridis (Masi, 1921) and Pteromalus sp. (Walker, 1976) (Pteromalidae); and Antistrophoplex conthurnatus (Zerova, 2000) and Microdontomenus annulatus (Masi, 1899) (Torymidae). The average parasitization rate was 23±1 as revealed through the present study. The highest parasitization rate occurred during the first generation in all localities tested, as well as in years. Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences between parasitization rates by pupal parasitoids within various host generations and localities.
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