Phylogenetic relationships were inferred for representative Bulbophyllum species of 13 sections from subtribe Bulbophyllinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia. The combined data matrix consists of sequences from ITS nuclear gene region and trnL-F, matK, and rbcL plastid gene regions with 3114 characters. Molecular data were analysed using parsimony and Bayesian inference. The results show that several recognized sections are monophyletic. Section Hirtula with paraphyletic status must split up and section Desmosanthes contain misplaced elements. Furthermore, generic status of Cirrhopetalum and Epicrianthes cannot be supported, because they are deeply embedded within the genus Bulbophyllum. Section Desmosanthes is recognized as the closest group to section Cirrhopetalum; therefore, they can be merged in some aspects.

SummaryThe karyological data of 7 species of Allium represents information in 2 parts of Iran: East Azerbaijan and Kurdistan is reported here with the basic chromosome number xϭ8. Most of the karyotypes are symmetrical consisting of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. According to the results of this study A. rubellum species is diploid so that its karyotype consists of 16 chromosomes (2nϭ2xϭ16) whose sizes are between 8.084-10.268 mm, and chromosomes pairs No. 2 and 3 includes satellites. All of the chromosomes were metacentric type. A. longicuspis species, as this study explains, is tetraploid and its karyotype includes 32 chromosomes (2nϭ4xϭ32) of sizes of 4.912-7.462 mm. Chromosomes pairs No.4 and 6 include satellite. Also according to the results of this research, A. staminum species is diploid, with 16 chromosomes (2nϭ2xϭ16), with sizes between 6.807-10.456 mm. A. iranicum species, is tetraploid and its karyotype includes 32 chromosome (2nϭ4xϭ32), with sizes of 6.719-12.221 mm. A. leave, A. dictyoscordum and A. cardiostemon are diploid with 16 chromosomes. 1B chromosomes were observed for these last 2 species of East Azerbaijan populations (2nϭ2xϭ16ϩ1B).

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The present study investigated 5S and 45S rDNA sites in six Fritillaria species. All species were diploid with 2n = 2x = 24 chromosomes. One, three, or four B chromosomes (Bs) were detected in F. assyriaca ecotypes. Another two B- chromosomes were observed for F. zagrica. One to two pairs of 5S rDNA sites were observed in terminal or sub-terminal chromosomal regions. The number of 45S rDNA sites was one pair in F. raddeana, three in F. assyriaca, F. zagrica, and F. persica, four in F. avromanica, and eight in F. chlorantha. Most of the 45S rDNA sites were distal except for F. raddeana with a pair in interstitial and F. chlorantha with two pairs in sub-terminal locations. Chromosome and karyotype indices were identified, F. avromanica and F. chlorantha as the species with the most symmetrical and asymmetrical chromosomes, respectively. Cluster analysis of the karyotype similarity matrix showed that the number and distribution of the observed rDNA sites were not congruent with the taxonomy of species in the defined subgenus entirely. Particularly for F. chlorantha which belongs to the Fritillaria subg.