Polymer inorganic nanocomposites are attracting a considerable amount of interest due to their enhanced electrical and optical properties. The inclusion of inorganic nanoparticles into the polymer matrix results in a significant change in the nanocomposite’s properties. With this in mind, we have developed a nanocomposite film based on zinc oxide (ZnO) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using a solution casting method with varying concentrations of ZnO nano powder in the PVA matrix. The ZnO / PVA film surface morphology was observed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The micrographs indicate that ZnO nanoparticles in the PVA matrix are homogeneously distributed. XRD results indicated that the crystallinity of the film was influenced by the interaction of ZnO nanoparticles and the PVA main chain. Crystallinity is also affected by the doping of ZnO nanoparticles in the PVA matrix and it increases when the concentration of ZnO is low and then decreases when the excess concentration of ZnO is present in the PVA matrix. The FTIR transmission spectra confirmed that significant interaction took place between the ZnO nanoparticles and the PVA main chain over the wave number range of 400–4000 cm−1. The UV–vis spectra reveal that the increase in concentration of ZnO nanoparticles in the polymer matrix results in the movement of the absorption edge in the direction of higher wavelength or lower energy associated with the blue/green portion of the visible spectrum. A decrease in the optical energy bandgap is observed with the increase in nano ZnO concentration in the matrix. Thickness has a signifcant affect on the properties of the ZnO/PVA nanocomposite and the morphology, particle size, degree of crystallinity and bandgap of the ZnO/PVA nanocomposite samples were influenced by the thickness of the sample. The optimal thickess of 0.03 mm with a weight percentage of 16.6% (ZnO) and 83.3% (PVA matrix) was selected due to its higher bandgap of 4.22 eV, reduced agglomeration/aggregation and smaller ZnO particle size of 14.23 nm in the matrix. The optimal film can be used in photovoltaic research.
Nowadays, the JFRP composite is known as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, lightweight, higher stiffness product, and demand for this composite is increasing tremendously in various applications like automotive, aerospace, marine, and domestic upholstery. In order to achieve the required shape and design of this composite, machining is essential during the assembly stage. Thus, machining arises some difficulties in where surface roughness is one of the major drawbacks during machining of the milling process. The cutting parameter of machining influences the output performance of the product. The main purpose of this study is to find out the effect of milling parameters such as feed rate, spindle speed, depth of cut on the output responses like surface roughness, which generates during milling on JFRP composite. The machining was done by using a solid carbide cutting tool of 8 mm width and the experiments were conducted according to the Central Composite Design (CCD). It was found that whenever the spindle speed increases from 671.57 to 6328.43 rev/min then the Surface roughness decreases 18.58%. On the contrary, Surface roughness increased by 31.22% due to the increase in feed rate from 108.58 to 391.42 mm/min. A mathematical model was also developed in this study to correlate the milling parameters with the output parameter of the Surface roughness. It was found that the feed rate is the most significant factor to affects the Surface roughness. Based on the RSM, the predicted optimized input parameter were spindle speed 4293.8 rev/min, feed rate 1.50 mm/min, and depth of cut 1 mm in where Surface roughness would be lower (1.188 µm).
Recently, the machining of composite materials has increased to a large extent to get the required shape and design during the assembly stage of Jute fiber reinforcement polymer (JFRP). The output performance of milled JFRP composite depends on the input machining parameter such as spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. The output responses like tool wear, surface roughness (Ra), and delamination factor (Fd) affect the dimensional stability, structural integrity, and accuracy of the final product. The objective of this study to find out the most significant factor of the output performances on JFRP. In this machining study, the JFRP composite panels were fabricated according to the hand’s lay-up technique and the milling was done by using an uncoated carbide cutting tool. The DOE (Design of Experiment) tool was used to design the experimental table based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A Central Composite Design was used to analyze the data and the most significant factor that effect the output parameters. According to Analysis of variance (ANOVA), it was found that the feed rate has a significant influence on tool life, surface roughness, and delamination factor. The spindle speed has also an effect on output responses comparing to the depth of cut. Another objective of this research is to obtain an optimum setting of the input parameters and mathematical modeling equation to reduce the tool wear, surface roughness, and delamination factor. The optimum parameter of the input machining was found that the input parameter spindle speed 4293.88 rev/min, feed rate 150 mm/min, and depth of cut 1 mm in where the lowest surface roughness, delamination, and longer tool life would be achieved.
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