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This paper presents an improved Multi-level Inverter topology utilizing the concept of boosting-capacitor and two DC sources with reduced switches count for generating 17level output. The topology employs 10 unidirectional switches including one bidirectional switch. Comparison with other recent topologies shows that the proposed topology employs a reduced number of devices and better performance. The topology combines the modularity of H-Bridge with the boosting capacity of the switched capacitor topology. Special care is taken while designing the switching strategy for voltage balancing of the capacitors. The authors also have generalized the topology to produce 'n' level output. Relevant expressions are also formed and reported. Experimental validation, as well as simulation, is performed, and results are verified. Nearest level control is used as the modulation technique.

Power transmission covering long-distances has shifted from overhead high voltage cables to underground power cable systems due to numerous failures under severe weather conditions and electromagnetic pollution. The underground power cable systems are limited by the melting point of the insulator around the conductor, which depends on the surrounding soils’ heat transfer capacity or the thermal conductivity. In the past, numerical and theoretical studies have been conducted based on the mechanistic heat and mass transfer model. However, limited experimental evidence has been provided. Therefore, in this study, we performed a series of experiments for static and cyclic thermal loads with a cylindrical heater embedded in the sand. The results suggest thermal charging of the surrounding dry sand and natural convection within the wet sand. A comparison of heat transfer for dry, unsaturated and fully saturated sand is presented with graphs and colour maps which provide valuable information and insight of heat and mass transfer around an underground power cable. Furthermore, the measurements of thermal conductivity against density, moisture and temperature are presented showing positive nonlinear dependence.

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Industrial automation or assembly automation is a strictly monitored environment, in which changes occur at a good speed. There are many types of entities in the focusing environment, and the data generated by these devices is huge. In addition, because the robustness is achieved by sensing redundant data, the data becomes larger. The data generating device, whether it is a sensing device or a physical device, streams the data to a higher-level deception device for calculation, so that it can be driven and configured according to the updated conditions. With the emergence of the Industry 4.0 concept that includes a variety of automation technologies, various data is generated through numerous devices. Therefore, the data generated for industrial automation requires unique Information Architecture (IA). IA should be able to satisfy hard real-time constraints to spontaneously change the environment and the instantaneous configuration of all participants. To understand its applicability, we used an example smart grid analogy. The smart grid system needs an IA to fulfill the communication requirements to report the hard real-time changes in the power immediately following the system. In addition, in a smart grid system, it needs to report changes on either side of the system, i.e., consumers and suppliers configure and reconfigure the system according to the changes. In this article, we propose an analogy of a physical phenomenon. A point charge is used as a data generating device, the streamline of electric flux is used as a data flow, and the charge distribution on a closed surface is used as a configuration. Finally, the intensity changes are used in the physical process, e.g., the smart grid. This analogy is explained by metaphors, and the structural mapping framework is used for its theoretical proof. The proposed analogy provides a theoretical basis for the development of such information architectures that can represent data flows, definition changes (deterministic and non-deterministic), events, and instantaneous configuration definitions of entities in the system. The proposed analogy provides 3986 CMC, 2022, vol.71, no.2 a mechanism to perform calculations during communication, using a simple concept on the closed surface to integrate two-layer cyber-physical systems (computation, communication, and physical process). The proposed analogy is a good candidate for implementation in smart grid security.

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The effect of chemical mutagens on the induction of mitotic chromosomal aberrations in diploid Allium cepa and tetraploid Allium vineale has been studied. In inducing chromosomal aberrations in case of both diploid and tetraploid Allium all the mutagens were found to be effective . Mitotic irregularities were higher in tetraploid species as compared with the diploid species. All types of chemical mutagens were found to be effective for the induction of chromosomal aberrations but chromosomal aberrations are increased due to the effect of Ethyl Methyl Sulphonate (EMS) in comparison to the other chemical mutagens. In explaining the concentration of EMS application of 0.20% of the chemical may be the highest dose whereas 0.05% may be considered as a lower dose.