Background: Renal failure is a worldwide health problem. The incidence and prevalence of renal failure is in constant increase, involving poor outcomes and high costs. The major leading causes of kidney failure are type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Objective: To study the epidemiology of renal failure in diyala province. Patients and Methods: A cross sectional study including a review of 284 cases of Renal Failure recorded in Ibn Sina dialysis center in Baqubah teaching hospital in Diyala province for the period from 1st January to the 31st of December of 2018. The collected data was analyzed by using computer, excel and using of SPSS-24. All the variables were analyzed by number, proportion and percentage. Results: Renal failure prevalence rate was 189.2 PMP and Incidence rate was 112.6 PMP in Diyala province. The Prevalence was in AL-Khalis city 363.15 PMP, Baqubah city 246.9 PMP, Baladroz city 190.9 PMP, AL-Muqdadia city 134.7 PMP and Khanaqin city 100.96 PMP. The mean age of renal failure in Diyala province was 52.9±15.9 yrs. Males was about 60.5% and females was 39.4%. The reasons of Renal failure ratio was diabetes about 33.4%, Hypertension about 23.6%, Unknown cause about 27.4%, Glomerilonephritis about 5.3%, Obstructive nephropathy about 3.16%, Congenital about 2.8% and others about 4.22%. The major comorbidities in renal failure patient on Hemodialysis was anemia about 48.94%, Hypertension about 35.2%, Heart failure about 4.57%, Ischemic heart disease about 10.56% and Cerebrovascular accident about 0.7%. Withdrawal from hemodialysis program in 2018 was 47.3%. Conclusion:The incidence rate was high and the prevalence rate was low due to low survival.
Background: Skin is the outermost covering of the human body that serves as a barrier from extrinsic etiological challenges including physical, chemical and biological insults. Ultraviolet (UV)-B (280–320 nm) is the lead environmental agent responsible for causing skin pathologies, overexposure of ultraviolet radiation, particularly UV-B radiations, due to high energy and shorter wave length which are causes for most of the pathological states of skin. Skin cancers are classified into two main categories, non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and cutaneous melanoma (CM). While melanoma originates through the transformation of melanocytes, NMSC arises from other epidermal cells, mainly keratinocytes, are subdivided into basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Skin cancers are considered to be one of the most preventable malignancies. By protecting the skin and limiting the amount of unprotected exposure to UVR, skin cancer risk can be decreased. Objective: To describe the demographic and clinical features of skin cancer and evaluate the harmful effects of excess UVR exposure on human skin. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional stud was conducted at the dermatology department in Baquba teaching hospital in Diyala, Iraq. A total of 100 patients were included, in the study, who attended the outpatient clinic of dermatology department of Baquba teaching hospital, from first of September 2020 to end May 2021. Results: A total of 100 patients diagnosed as skin cancer, were eligible for the study, aged between 30-80 years, The majority of them aged 41-50 years (39%), 50% of them were males and 50% were females, The majority of the patients, were laborer (31%), and 22% of them were housewives, Regarding residence, the majority of the patients (32%) lived in Kalar, and 27% resided in the Baquba, while just 3% from Mendeley, 83%percent of the patients, had white skin while just 17% of them had brown skin, and no one had black skin color, Regarding the affected site of the body, the face was the most common affected site of the body, found in (52%) of the patients. While face and neck were the most common affected site in 35% of the patients, and the least affected site was the face and hand found in 4% of the patients. Of the total patients, 99% were exposed to normal light while just 1% exposed to additional artificial light. Most of the patients (65%) said that they were exposed to the light over, all the season, while 24% of them were exposed to light just in summer, 8% and 3% of them were exposed in spring, summer and spring respectively. No one was exposed to light in autumn or winter, Just 4% of the patients had family history of skin cancer. There were 79% of the patients diagnosed as basal cell carcinoma; 14% had actinic keratosis, 5% had sun burn; and 2% had seborrheic keratosis. Regarding the patients with (BCC), most of the patients aged less than 70 years. Females were 50.6% of the patients with BCC, while males were 49.4%. The mean age of females was (53.6±12.9 years) was the same for males (53.6±11.6 years), females were affected by BCC in < 50 and ≥70 age group more than males, while males were affected more in 50-69 age group. Sixty-five percent of the patients had white skin while just 14% of them had brown skin. Regarding the affected site of the body, the face was the most common affected site of the body, found in (53.2%) of the patients, while face and neck were the most common affected site in 34.2% of the patients, and the least affected site was the face and hand found in 5.1% of the patients. Conclusion:Outdoor workers, especially those without protective measures, and in high altitude areas, are more liable to develop skin cancer especially basal cell carcinoma, so it is important to use sun-protective measures. Keywords: Photodamage, UV Rays ,Skin
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