I n Pakistan Red Sindhi and Sahiwal are valuable milk breeds of global recognition, due to their distinctive characteristics. In addition to these well-known breeds of cattle, there is a large number of non-expressive and crossbred cattle in Pakistan. Among them, Achai, is a short stature, reddish brown coated breed of Khyber Abstract | This study evaluated the efficiency of two different estrus synchronization protocols in Achai breed of cattle. Twelve lactating Achai cows were divided into two equal groups and subjected to Presynch Ovsynch (POP) or Modified 7-day Select Synch (MSS) protocol. In POP protocol animals were administered with PGF 2 -α injections on day -38, -24 and -3. GnRH-1 was given on day -10 and 0, along with timed artificial insemination after 16 hrs. Animals in MSS group were administered with a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) insert on day -7 with simultaneous use of prostaglandin 2-alpha (PGF 2 -α), GnRH-1 at day -5, removal of CIDR at day 0, concurrent with two doses of PGF 2 -α at 8 hr. interval, GnRH-2 on day 3, followed by TAI after 16 hrs. Results showed higher estrogen (E 2 ) and lower progesterone (P 4 ) concentrations for MSS than POP group. Cows with higher E 2 and lower P 4 levels at estrus got conceived (P<0.05). Highest level of E 2 was recorded in pregnant cows in POP group in comparison with MSS. The P 4 concentration of pregnant cows in MSS was lowest at the time of insemination (P<0.05). Induction of fertile estrous was maximum in POP group than MSS, but conception rate in cows receiving TAI was significantly higher in MSS than POP group (66.66% vs 33.33%;). Efficiency of MSS protocol was virtually double than POP for estrus synchronization and conception in Achai cattle.
Milk is an important component of humans' diet. Milk fats provide the essential fatty acids important for health and normal growth of the body. The aim of the study was to determine the fatty acid profile of camel's milk through gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at different temperatures i.e. 4 ○ C, 7 ○ C, and 16 ○ C. A total of 18 milk samples were obtained from lactating local camels available in Peshawar, Pakistan. The results demonstrated a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) than unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) in milk samples. The predominant fatty acids were Palmitic acid (C16:0), Myristic acid (C14:0) and Stearic acid (C18:0), where they were 48.86%, 23.5% and 15.26% of the total fatty acids in milk respectively. The SFA were dominated by Myristic acid (C14:0) and Palmitic acid (C16:0) and the major monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were Heptadecenoic (C17:1) and Eicosanoic acid (C20:1) and the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was Linoleic acid (C18:2c). The Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) which was represented by Lauric acid (C12:0) only was 1.51% in milk. The current study further elucidated differential expression of diverse fats with temperature changes. The statistical analysis showed that Myristic acid (C14:0), Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), Palmitoleic acid C16:1c, Stearic acid (C18:0), and Linoleic acid (C18:2c) varied significantly (p<0.05) in response to change in temperature.
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