Measurements of infants' quotidian experiences provide critical information about early development. However, the role of sampling methods in providing these measurements is rarely examined. Here we directly compare language input from hour-long video-recordings and daylong audio-recordings within the same group of 44 infants at 6 and 7 months. We compared 12 measures of language quantity and lexical diversity, talker variability, utterance-type, and object presence, finding moderate correlations across recording-types. However, video-recordings generally featured far denser noun input across these measures compared to the daylong audio-recordings, more akin to 'peak' audio hours (though not as high in talkers and word-types). Although audio-recordings captured ~10 times more awake-time than videos, the noun input in them was only 2-4 times greater. Notably, whether we compared videos to daylong audio-recordings or peak audio times, videos featured relatively fewer declaratives and more questions; furthermore, the most common video-recorded nouns were less consistent across families than the top audio-recording nouns were. Thus, hour-long videos and daylong audio-recordings revealed fairly divergent pictures of the language infants hear and learn from in their daily lives. We suggest that short video-recordings provide a dense and somewhat different sample of infants' language experiences, rather than a typical one, and should be used cautiously for extrapolation about common words, talkers, utterance-types, and contexts at larger timescales. If theories of language development are to be held accountable to 'facts on the ground' from observational data, greater care is needed to unpack the ramifications of sampling methods of early language input.

No abstract

The number of incarcerated individuals has skyrocketed over the last thirty years. The majority of incarcerated individuals are racially minoritized individuals and many are also parents. Seventy percent of incarcerated fathers were raised in households without the presence of a father and, thus, struggle with building close relationships and maintaining family ties. More research is needed to further explore factors that influence incarcerated fathers’ familial relationships. Data were utilized from the Multi-site Family Study on Incarceration, Parenting and Partnering to answer: Do incarcerated fathers parenting attitudes predict parental warmth? Results indicated that the father’s emotional health and fatherhood attitude related to decision-making involvement was positively associated with parental warmth. Results can be used to inform clinical practice and future research in reference to incarcerated fathers and their relationships with their child(ren). Clinical implications and future directions are provided to advocate for family services as well as to better serve this population.

The authors investigated the role of perceived discrimination in the association between adverse childhood experiences and psychological distress in adulthood in a sample of individuals (n ¼ 125) at a university-based couple and family therapy clinic. Results showed that a majority had experienced four or more adverse experiences, indicating a high risk of negative health outcomes. A significant indirect effect of adverse experiences through perceived discrimination on psychological distress, even with gender, race/ethnicity, and household income as covariates, was noted. Findings underscore the importance of incorporating assessment of perceived discrimination in therapy with clients presenting with childhood adversity and psychological distress.