Background High salt intake induces renal-stress. The present study was carried out to examine the therapeutic effects of proximol(Halfa bar extract), lasilactonedrug(Spironolactone+Furosemide) and their combination on renal-stressed rats. Material and Methods:Thirty five male rats were used and divided into five groups. The first group served as negative control and received fresh tap water orally for four weeks. The animals in the other four groups drank hypertonic saline solution (2% NaCl) as a sole source of drinking water for four weeks to induce the animal model of renal stress. Then the renal-stressed rats were further divided into: positive control, renal-stressed rats treated daily with proximol (7.8 mg/kg b.wt), renalstressed rats treated daily with lasilactone (3.9 mg/kg b.wt), and renal-stressed rats treated daily with a combination of proximol and lasilactone for four weeks. The levels of aldosterone, sodium, potassium, calcium, urea, uric acid and creatinine were measured in the sera of rats. Nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels were also measured in the homogenate of renal tissue. Results:In the renal-stressed group, there was a significant increase in levels of aldosterone, sodium, calcium, urea, uric acid, NO and MDA and a significant decrease in potassium and GSH as compared to control group. Although the treatment of renal stressed rats with proximol, lasilactone and their combination reduced the increased level of aldosterone induced in renal stressed rats, aldosterone level was still higher than the control value. In addition, the treatment with proximol, lasilactone and their combination restored the significant increase in sodium, NO and lipid peroxidation to non significant changes as compared to control group. Also the decreased levels of GSH induced in renal-stressed rats returned to non significant changes. However, potassium decreased significantly below the control and the model groups with the combined treatment. Furthermore, treatment with proximol, lasilactone and their combination reduced the elevated levels of uric acid and urea induced by hypertonic saline solution to control-like values in the case of uric acid and to a significant decrease in the case of urea. Conclusion:In conclusion, proximol, lasilactone and their combination have an effective role in ameliorating the changes in the levels of aldosterone, serum electrolytes, oxidative stress and consequently the disturbance in kidney functions in renal-stressed rats induced by hypertonic saline solution.

Studies have shown that carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induces hepatic and renal damage arising from oxidative stress. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of omega-3 fatty acids and/or soya isoflavones on CCl4 induced toxicity in male albino rat liver and kidney. For this purpose, 42 rats were divided as follows: group 1, rats serves as the control without any treatment; group 2, rats were administered a single dose of CCl4 intraperitoneally (1 mg/kg b. wt.); group 3, rats were supplemented daily with omega-300 orally (400 mg/kg b. wt.); group 4, rats were supplemented daily with pro-S orally (50 mg/kg b. wt.); group 5, rats were supplemented daily with omega-300 orally for four weeks, then after 24 hours treated with a single dose of CCl4 at the same tested doses. group 6, rats were supplemented daily with pro- S orally for four weeks, then after 24 hours treated with a single dose of CCl4 at the same tested doses; group 7, rats were supplemented daily with an oral combination of omega-300 and pro-S orally for four weeks, then after 24 hours treated with a single dose of CCl4 at the same tested doses. Results showed that CCl4 administration induces hepatic damage indicated by a significant increase in the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Aalanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes and glucose level, with a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels and a significant decrease of reduced glutathione (GSH) level in liver tissue. Also, CCl4 toxicity induce renal damage manifested in a significant increase in serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, and oxidative stress of kidney tissue reflected by increase of MDA, NO and the decrease of GSH levels. The pre-treatment with omega-3 fatty acids and/or soya isoflavones revealed ameliorative effect against deleterious effects of CCl4 toxicity on hepatic and renal tissues and all tested parameters. Results of the current study revealed also that the pre-treatment with omega-3 fatty acids and/or soya isoflavones to rats improved liver and kidney function and produced high antioxidant activity.

The current investigation was carried out to study the protective effect of vitamin E (VE) on the associated disturbances of hematological, renal, and hepatic functions in male rats produced in potassium bromate (KBrO 3 ) treated rats. Twenty-four rats were divided randomly into four groups: First group: served as control group. Second group: rats were received 50 mg/kg b.wt. of KBrO 3 orally. Third group: rats were received 30 mg/kg b.wt. of VE orally. Fourth group: rats were received 30 mg/kg b.wt. of VE orally an hour before administration of KBrO 3 (50 mg/kg b.wt.) orally. The experiment continued for five successive weeks. Results showed that the treatment with KBrO 3 revealed a significantly decrease in the mean of the body weight, red blood corpuscles (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), blood platelets (PLTs), hemoglobin (HB), hematocrit value (HCT) comparing to the control group. Whereas, the serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes, urea, uric acid, creatinine, were obviously elevated in KBrO 3 treated group comparing with control group. The treatment with VE+KBrO 3 ameliorated all the hematological, renal, and hepatic parameters tested. It is clear from the present results that VE reduced the severity of KBrO 3 . This could be mediated by its potent antioxidant effects.

The present aim is to evaluate the anti-diabetic effect of aqueous extract of guava (Psidium guajava) leaf using rat model of diabetes induced by streptozotocin. In addition, the effect of this extract on liver and kidney functions induced in rat model of diabetes were investigated. Material and Methods: Rats were divided randomly into: control group, rat model of diabetes induced by streptozotocin, rat model of diabetes treated with aqueous extract of guava leaf, rat model of diabetes treated with glibenclamide and rat model of diabetes treated with aqueous extract of guava leaf plus glibenclamide. Result: In the present rat model of diabetes a significant decrease in the serum insulin level and a significant increase in glucose level were detected. Streptozotocin induced a significant increase in the activities of AST, ALT, ALP and a significant increase in the levels of bilirubin, urea, creatinine and uric acid. In addition histopathological and immunological changes were detected in the pancreatic tissue. The present data revealed that aqueous extract of guava leaf improved the reduced insulin level and the high glucose level induced by streptozotocin. This was associated with an improvement in the changes in the liver and kidney functions. Loss of body weight gain induced by streptozotocin was alleviated by guava leaf extract, glibenclamide or both. Conclusion:According to the present findings it could be concluded that the aqueous extract of guava leaf has a potent anti-hyperglycemic effect on rat model of diabetes induced by streptozotocin with hepatic and renal protective effects.

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